Poly quatemized with

A suspension of nutshell particles in DMF was quatemized with tributyl-phosphine. This converted the encapsulated poly(VBC) into poly[(vinylben-zyl)-tributylphosphonium chloride]. The EDS experiments indicated a low surface concentration of phosphorus in the quaternized samples. Since the elemental analysis indicated a high content of phosphorus in all the samples, one can infer that the quaternary onium cations are hidden inside the polystyrene cages . 

Poly[(VP)Os(bpy)2Cl ] partially Carbon ink quatemized with BEIA screen printed... 

FIG. 3 Conductance curves for polyelectrolyte, poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) quatemized with n-butyl bromide in nitromethane (numbers indicate the ion content of the polyelectrolytes). (From Ref. 17.)... 

Another characteristic type of viscosity behavior of polyelectrolytes is the effect of added simple salts on the viscosity [16]. The polyelectrolytes used were poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (90/10) quatemized with /(-butyl-bromide, and the solvent was nitromethane. The added salt was tetra-butyl-ammonium bromide, which was easily dissolved in nitromethane. A small amount of added salt (10 M) produces a maximum in the viscosity curve (psp/c vs. c), and as more simple salts are added the reduced viscosity further reduces. When the added salt concentration is 0.1 N, the reduced viscosity is about the same as that of the parent polymer. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the screening effect by simple salts of electrostatic interactions among fixed ions [1,2]. 

Poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (quatemized with n-butyl bromide) Nitromethane, nitromethane-dioxane 16... 

Poly(2-vinylpyridine) (quatemized with methyl bromide and butyl bromide) Methanol, ethanol, nitromethane 20... 

Photophysical studies on a conformational transition of PMA induced by cationic surfactants have been reported (7). The stretched PMA chain at pH 8 collapses on addition of cationic surfactants that is, the hydrophobic interactions between the cationic surfactants that are bonded to the PMA chain lead to refolding of the polymer chain, and thus provide a hydrophobic site for fluorescence probes at pH 8. The cationic polyelectrolyte poly(4-vinylpyridine) quatemized with n-dodecyl bromide (8 i0) or hexadecyl bromide (11) are also examples of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes. 

Different series of DHBCs were prepared from anionically synthesized poly(p-tert-butoxystyrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PtBOS-PEO) precursors [12], Post polynnerization acidic hydrolysis of the PtBOS block resulted in poly(p-hydroxystyrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PHOS-PEO) copolymers. Further functionalization of the PHOS block via a Mannich type aminomethylation reaction gave the poly[3,5-bis(dimethylaminomethylene)hydroxystyrene-b-ethylene oxide] (PNHOS-PEO) copolymers, as testified by FT-IR and NMR experiments. In these copolymers the PNHOS block carries two dimethylamino groups per monomeric imit that can be protonated in acidic media and weakly acidic phenolic groups that have their own pH sensitivity. The PNHOS-PEO block copolymers were further quatemized with... 

A wide range of derivatives are prepared from alkyleneamines and poly(ethyleneamines) such as diethylene triamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), imidazolines, amidoamines, and their ethoxylated and propoxylated derivatives as depicted in Scheme 1.7. Reaction products of fatty acids and their derivatives with DMAPA (see Section 1.6.1) can be quatemized with various alkylating agents to produce amidopropyl ammonium quaternaries, many of which have been patented and commercialized in a variety of applications, including personal care, fabric softening, and industrial/oil-fleld applications. 

At this point, it should be noted that the Tg does not always increase with ion content. When poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) copol5uners are quatemized with various amines, in which at least one of the substituents on the nitrogen is an alkyl chain, the Tg decreases with increasing ion content if the alkyl chain is long enough (112). As can be expected, in that system the long alkyl chain acts as an internal plasticizer. 

An investigation (113) of the Tg of the poly(styrene-co-vinylpyridine) copolymers quatemized with iodoalkane found that the Tg increased with increasing ion content, but that the increasing rate of the Tg with ion contents (dTg/dc) depended on the length of an alkyl chain. For example, dTg/dc for the ionomer quatemized with iodomethane was ca 3.2°C/mol%, while for the ionomer quatemized with iododecane it was only ca l.l°C/mol%. 

Proton abstraction from carbon acids to give carbanions may be catalysed by hydroxamate anions bound to poly(2-ethyl 1-vinylimidazole) quatemized with dodecyl and ethyl bromides. For example, proton removal from benzoin (19) by IV-methylmyristohydroxamate anion is 2.1 x 10 -fold faster in the presence of... 

W-alkylated with long-chain alkyl halides, and rendered amphiphilic by subsequent quatemization with methyl iodide. They employed their hyperbranched nanoPIL amphiphiles as antimicrobial agents, embedded in restorative dental composites [61, 62]. Dispersed in NBR mbber, PlLs derived from hyperbranched PEI enabled self-healing [63]. Following a similar ionene synthetic route, Fradet and coworkers obtained hyperbranched nanoPlLs by poly(W-alkylation) of lutidine derivatives [64]. 

Some block copolymers were also prepared by RTTP, such as poly(vinylidene chloride-co-methyl acrylate)-b-polystyr-ene, ° poly(actylic add-co-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(butyl acrylate-co-styrene), " polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic add), poly-(vinyl benzyl chloride)-b-polystyrene quatemized with triethylamine, and poly(MMA)-b-poly(dimethyl(metha-cryloyloxy)methyl phosphonate) as well as ABA and BAB copolymers where A is rich in styrene and B is rich in butyl acrylate. 

Fig. 41 Swelling of a crosslinked poly(2-vinylpyridme) film (qP2VP), which is partially quatemized with diiodobutane( )/S) crosslinks, on top of an electrode in the absence (A) and presence (S) of cholesterol. Graphs C and D show the related changes in impedance as a result of changes in the pore size (reprinted with permission from [425]. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society)...

Significant research has been directed toward the use of polyelectrolyte complexes as blood compatible materials. Several investigators found that water-insoluble polyelectrolyte complexes can suppress blood coagulation [487-490]. Davison and coworkers reviewed and studied the biological properties of water-soluble polyelectrolyte complexes [491] between quatemized poly(vinyl imidazole) or polyvinyl pyridine) and excess sulfonated dextran or poly(methacrylic acid). By forming complexes with a stoichiometric excess of anionic charge, a more compact conformation with anionic character was obtained. 

Almost three decades ago, Strauss and co-workers 18) carried out classic work on polysoaps (23) comprised of poly-4-vinylpyridine which had been quatemized on up to 38 % of the nitrogens with n-dodecyl bromide those nitrogens that escaped reaction with n-dodecyl bromide were then derivatized with ethyl bromide. Now addition of KBr to an aqueous solution of a polyelectrolyte normally decreases the viscosity. This is not true for the 38 % polysoap (23) where the viscosity increases with... 

The stability constants of the Cu2+ complexes with poly(4-vinylpyridine), and with partially quatemized poly(4-vinylpyridine) have been determined by potentiometric... 

Okubo and Ise quatemized poly-4-vinylpyridine with short and long alkyl groups and conducted alkaline hydrolyas of p iitrophenyl esters 25 (w = 1,2,4,7,11 and 15) (34). The greatest catalytic effect (ca. 140 times rate increase) was observed for... 

In contrast to neutral polymer solutions, where reduced viscosity, 17sp/c, plotted against weight concentration (usually g/dL) shows a straight line (expressed by the Huggins equation) [32], the typical viscosity behavior of a polyelectrolyte solution is shown in Figure 4. This polyelectrolyte was made by quatemization of poly(styrene-co l-vinylpyridine) with n-butyl bromide [16]. The solvents used were a nitromethane/dioxane mixture. Figure 4... 

Poly(N-alkyl ethyleneimine) was prepared directly from poly(2-alkylOXL) by reduction with LiAllit or A1H3 33). Quatemized poly(N-alkyl ethyleneimine) itself or grafted onto chloromethylated polystyrene have been used as phase transfer catalysts in aqueous-organic heterophase reactions34). 

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