Poly inhibitors

HydroxyethyUiydrazine (11) is a plant growth regulator. It is also used to make a coccidiostat, furazoHdone, and has been proposed, as has (14), as a stabilizer in the polymerization of acrylonitrile (72,73). With excess epoxide, polysubstitution occurs and polyol chains can form to give poly(hydroxyaLkyl) hydrazines which have been patented for the preparation of cellular polyurethanes (74) and as corrosion inhibitors for hydrauHc fluids (qv) (75). DialkyUiydrazines, R2NNH2, and alkylene oxides form the very reactive amineimines (15) which react further with esters to yield aminimides (16) ... 

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides made from several linear alpha olefins are used in paper sizing, detergents, and other uses. Sulfosuccinic acid esters serve as surface active agents. Alkyd resins (qv) are used as surface coatings. Chlorendric anhydride [115-27-5] is used as a flame resistant component (see Flame retardants). Tetrahydrophthalic acid [88-98-2] and hexahydrophthalic anhydride [85-42-7] have specialty resin appHcations. Gas barrier films made by grafting maleic anhydride to polypropylene [25085-53-4] film are used in food packaging (qv). Poly(maleic anhydride) [24937-72-2] is used as a scale preventer and corrosion inhibitor (see Corrosion and corrosion control). Maleic anhydride forms copolymers with ethylene glycol methyl vinyl ethers which are partially esterified for biomedical and pharmaceutical uses (189) (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Miscellaneous Commercial Applications. Dimer acids are components of "downweU" corrosion inhibitors for oil-drilling equipment (see Petroleum Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). This may account for 10% of current dimer acid use (71). The acids, alkyl esters, and polyoxyalkylene dimer esters are used commercially as components of metal-working lubricants (see Lubrication). Dimer esters have achieved some use in specialty lubricant appHcations such as gear oils and compressor lubricants. The dimer esters, compared to dibasic acid esters, polyol esters and poly(a-olefin)s, are higher in cost and of higher viscosity. The higher viscosity, however, is an advantage in some specialties, and the dimer esters are very stable thermally and can be made quite oxidatively stable by choice of proper additives. 

In another study, uniform composite polymethyl-methacrylate/polystyrene (PMMA/PS) composite particles in the size range of 1-10 fim were prepared by the seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene [121]. The PMMA seed particles were initially prepared by the dispersion polymerization of MMA by using AIBN as the initiator. In this polymerization, poly(7V-vinyl pyrolli-done) and methyl tricaprylyl ammonium chloride were used as the stabilizer and the costabilizer, respectively, in the methanol medium. Seed particles were swollen with styrene monomer in a medium comprised of seed particles, styrene, water, poly(7V-vinyl pyrollidone), Polywet KX-3 and aeorosol MA emulsifiers, sodium bicarbonate, hydroquinone inhibitor, and azobis(2-methylbu-... 

Several of the current synthetic semi-fluid lubricants for worm gears are based on a poly-alkaline glycol - which possesses slipperiness . Oxidation and rust-inhibitors are... 

Cordes et al995 carried out alkaline hydrolyses of p-nitrophenylhexanoate 55 (PNPH) in the presence of poly-4-vinylpyridine partially quaternized with dodecyl-bromide and ethylbromide (QPVP). They also found that the polyelectrolytes are increasingly effective as catalysts with an increasing ratio of dodecyl to ethyl groups, and the hydrophobic interactions are important in determining the catalytic efficiency. They observed the inhibitory effects of several gegen-anions fluoride ions are the weakest inhibitor, and nitrate is the strongest (F- < Cl < S04 [Pg.159]

Vinyl Chloride CH2=C HC1 Acrylates, Styrene, W, or oxidizing agents. Forms the Poly-peroxide which decomps exo-thermally at RT Air Vap Monomer. In Air 4.0 to 22.0% or 3.6 to 33.0% > Ambient > Ambient Inhibitor—Phenol (25-100 ppm). Store under press in a cool place. No sparks 22.9 472 Self-polymerizes, catalyzed by oxygen... 

Other common poly glycol-based antifoams include certain derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which are condensation polymers of ethylene glycol. An example is polyethylene glycol-8 dioleate. Apart from its antifoam properties, PEG-8 dioleate is also used in cooling water inhibitor formulations as a surface cleaner, in the formation of a corrosion-inhibiting surface film. Additionally, it is employed as an oil-soluble emulsifier for other defoamer chemistries. 

Bishop, P.D., Pearce, G., Bryant, J.E. Ryan, C.A. (1984). Isolation and characterization of the protease inhibitor-inducing factor from tomato leaves, identity and activity of poly- and oligogalacturonide fragments. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259,13172-7. 

Recent interest has focused on acidic phosphoproteins, such as bone sialoprotein, acting as sites of nucleation. These proteins contain motifs (eg, poly-Asp and poly-Glu stretches) that bind calcium and may provide an initial scaffold for mineralization. Some macromolecules, such as certain proteoglycans and glycoproteins, can also act as inhibitors of nucleation. 

Poly(ADP-ribose)polyrmerase (PARP) inhibitors, 42 (2004) 125 P2 Purinoreceptor ligands, 38 (2001) 115 p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, 38 (2001) 1 Paclitaxel, anticancer agent, 32 (1995) 289... 

When diabetic rabbits (24) were treated with 50 IU of bovine insulin imbibed at 50 mg/g poly (acrylic acid) (Figure 14) no reduction in serum glucose over that achieved by the dry blend control could be detected. Pretreatment of the animals with oral doses of either a penetration enhancer, sodium taurocholate, or a protease inhibitor, aproteinin, failed to improve the insulin activity. One possible explanation for this unexpected lack of activity might be that the diseased animals exhibit impaired ileal absorption of fluids (25). 

Poly(L-lysine) has also been suggested as a carrier for pepstatin, a specific inhibitor of the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D, responsible for causing muscle-wasting diseases, such as muscular dystrophy [257],... 

Scale inhibitors may also be used in acidizing. These include alcohol ethoxysulfonic acids (152). Scale inhibitors are also used in water and enhanced oil recovery injection wells and include low molecular weight poly(vinylsulfonate), poly(methylmethacrylate-co-ethylenediamine) (153), bis(phosphonomethylene)aminomethylene carboxylic acid, and poly(acrylic acid-co-3-acrylamido-3-methylbu-tanoic acid). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and similar complex-ing agents have been used to remove scale from formation surfaces near wellbores. 

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