Poly fatty acid incorporation into

Eatty acid ethoxylates are used extensively in the textile industry as emulsifiers for processing oils, antistatic agents (qv), softeners, and fiber lubricants, and as detergents in scouring operations. They also find appHcation as emulsifiers in cosmetic preparations and pesticide formulations. Eatty acid ethoxylates are manufactured either by alkaH-catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with ethylene oxide or by acid-catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with preformed poly(ethylene glycol). Deodorization steps are commonly incorporated into the manufacturing process. 

When cells are grown on non-aliphatic substrates, such as glucose, fructose, acetate, or glycerol, these are converted to appropriate precursors that can be incorporated into poly(3HAMCL)s via fatty acid synthesis. The resulting PHAs have a monomer composition that is similar to that seen after growth on alkanes, often with 3-hydroxydecanoic acid as the major monomer. ( -Oxidation does not seem to play a role in the conversion of these substrates into poly(3HAMCL) since the addition of a -oxidation inhibitor did not affect the monomer composition [47]. 

Ricinoleic acid is a bifunctional fatty acid containing a hydroxy group along the fatty chain. The presence of both carboxylic and hydroxyl groups allows incorporation of ricinoleic acid into a polymer backbone by formation of an ester bond. The synthesis of poly(ester-anhydride) contains two steps trans-... 

It is largely accepted that a high dietary intake of poly-unsaturated fatty adds (PUFA) in the a>-3 series has beneficial effects. Recently, cellular lipid metabolism has been suggested as a target for cancer therapy. Cancer cells, compared with normal cells, seem to be vulnerable to exposure of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those in the o -3 series. Characteristic for these compounds are their poor abihty to be oxidized in the cell due to multiple double bonds. They are however likely to be ester-rfied to oflier Upids, and their incorporation into membrane phosphohpids will influence membrane properties such as fluidity, protein interactions and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. The hypohpidemic properties of some (0-3 fatty acids, such as EPA, are probably e lained by an induction of mitochondrial P -oxidation that is not found after adrninistration of the non-hypolipidemic (o-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)." However, both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA cause increased peroxisomal... 

In our laboratory, we have studied the effects of various surface-modified alumoxane nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of a biodegradable polymer for load-bearing bone tissue applications [4j. Alumoxane nanoparticles with three different surface modifications were tested — activated alumoxanes possessing two reactive double bonds available for interaction with the cross-link network of the polymer surfactant alumoxanes modified with long fatty acid chains to aid in dispersion within the hydrophobic polymer and hybrid alumoxanes modified with a surfactant chain and a reactive double bond within the same substituent (Figure 40.2). These nanoparticles were incorporated into a biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-based (PPF) system and the nanocomposites were tested for flexural and compressive mechanical properties. 

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