Applications bone tissue

Bioactive glasses are currently used as granulate for bone and dental grafting in small defects, or as powder incorporated into toothpaste. Although silica-based bioactive glasses meant an extraordinary advance in the field of bone tissue regeneration, their application as pieces for medium and large defects is not possible due to their very poor mechanical properties. 

Biomedical. Heart-valve parts are fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, which is compatible with living tissue. Such parts are produced by high temperature pyrolysis of gases such as methane. Other potential biomedical applications are dental implants and other prostheses where a seal between the implant and the living biological surface is essential. Plasma and arc-wire sprayed coatings are used on prosthetic devices, eg, hip implants, to achieve better bone/tissue attachments (see Prosthetic and biomedicaldevices). 

The third type of compound used extensively as a structural component is apatite, CadPO jX. Hydroxyapatite (X = OH) is the major component of bone tissue in tbe vertebrate skeleton. It is also the principal strengthening naierial in teeth. Partial formation of fluorapatite (X = F) from application of fluondes strengthens the structure and causes it to be less soluble in the add formed from fermenting organic material, hence a reduction of caries. Fluorapatite is also used structurally in certain Brachiopod shells. 

In the past decade Raman spectroscopy has assumed an important role in musculoskeletal tissue studies, especially in bone tissue studies. Applications to a wide range of problems in basic biology, biomechanics, and medicine have appeared in the journal literature. Most workers have used cell cultures or excised bone tissue, including human biopsy and cadaveric tissue. We expect that Raman spectroscopy will become increasingly important in such studies, as more life scientists and engineers learn how to employ it. Just as importantly, recent reports of non-invasive spectroscopy suggest that Raman spectroscopy may have a role in human subjects studies of bone development, function, and disease. 

A similar distribution has been discovered by Ringsdorf and his co-workers (67) for polymeric antiradiation substances after the first days of application, also with the help of audioradiography. After 14 and more days, however, a strong cumulation is found in the bone-tissue, most likely reducible to the chemical properties of these sulfur containing polymers. 

V. E. Santo, A. M. Frias, M. Carida, R. Cancedda, M. E. Gomes, J. F. Mano, and R. L. Reis, Carrageenan-based hydrogels for the controlled delivery of PDGF-BB in bone tissue engineering applications, Biomacromolecules, 10 (2009) 1392-1401. 

Not approved by the FDA for applications involving implantation within the body direct or indirect contact with the blood pathway contact with bone, tissue, tissue fluid, or blood or prolonged contact with mucous membranes. 

Using a similar procedure, a composite material for tissue engineering applications composed of HA and carboxymethylchitosan was obtained by a coprecipitation method. In vitro tests exhibited a great potential of this class of materials for bone tissue-engineering applications.79... 

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