Poly-alcohols cyanide

Nearly all uses and appHcations of benzyl chloride are related to reactions of the active haUde substituent. More than two-thirds of benzyl chloride produced is used in the manufacture of benzyl butyl-phthalate, a plasticizer used extensively in vinyl flooring and other flexible poly(vinyl chloride) uses such as food packaging. Other significant uses are the manufacture of benzyl alcohol [100-51-6] and of benzyl chloride-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, each of which consumes more than 10% of the benzyl chloride produced. Smaller volume uses include the manufacture of benzyl cyanide [140-29-4], benzyl esters such as benzyl acetate [140-11-4], butyrate, cinnamate, and saUcylate, benzylamine [100-46-9], and benzyl dimethyl amine [103-83-8], and -benzylphenol [101-53-1]. In the dye industry benzyl chloride is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of triphenylmethane dyes (qv). First generation derivatives of benzyl chloride are processed further to pharmaceutical, perfume, and flavor products. 

Phenylacetamide has been obtained by a wide variety of reactions from benzyl cyanide with water at 250-260° 6 from benzyl cyanide with water and cadmium oxide at 240° 6 from benzyl cyanide with sulfuric acid 7 8 by saturation of an acetone solution of benzyl cyanide with potassium hydrosulfide 9 from benzyl cyanide with sodium peroxide 10 by electrolytic reduction of benzyl cyanide in sodium hydroxide 11 from ethyl phenyl-acetate with alcoholic 12 or aqueous 13 ammonia from phenyl-acetic acid with ammonium acetate 14 or urea 15 from diazoacetophenone with ammoniacal silver solution 16 from phenyl-acetic acid imino ether hydrochloride and water 17 from acetophenone with ammonium poly sulfide at 215° 18 from benzoic acid 19 and by heating the ammonium salt of phenyl-acetic acid.20... 

In summary, the reaction between an alkali metal alkoxide and a poly-hydroxy compound in hot alcoholic media produces an alcoholate and, possibly, a small proportion of alkoxide adduct however, the conditions governing the ratio of alcoholate to adduct have not yet been well defined. Reactions with alkali metal hydroxides and cyanides produce mixtures (of alcoholate and adduct) that consist mainly of alcoholate. Occurrence of reactions between alkaline-earth metal hydroxides and polyhydroxy compounds in anhydrous alcoholic media has not been reported. 

Poly-cyanides and iso-cyanides Poly-hydroxy compounds or poly-acid alcohols Poly-aldehydes... 

We tried to photocontrol water permeation through a porous poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane coated with the polyacrylamide gel containing triphenylmethane leuco-cyanide groups [59]. The photoresponsive behavior of the gel has already been described in Sect. 3.1. Figure 26 shows that the rate of water permeation through... 

Sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric methods are based on the extractable (into CHCI3, 1,2-diehloroethane, benzene, or toluene) ion-associates of basic dyes and anionic Ag complexes with cyanide [35,36], iodide [37,38], and bromide [39]. In these methods, use has been made of such dyes as Crystal Violet [35,39], Brilliant Green [38,39], Malachite Green [39], Methylene Blue [36], and Nile Blue A [37]. In some of these methods the molar absorptivities are elose to MO [36,39]. A flotation method has been proposed, based on the addition compound [R6G ][Ag(SCN )2] [R6G ][SCN ] which is formed by silver ions (at pH 2-5) in the presence of thiocyanate and Rhodamine 6G (flotation with DIPE, the precipitated compound is washed and dissolved in acetone, e = 1.5-10 ) [40]. The complex Ag(CN)2 , associated with Crystal Violet, has been utilized in another flotation-spectrophotometric method of determining silver [41]. Silver has been determined also in a system comprising thiocyanate and Rhodamine B, as an aqueous pseudo-solution, in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) [42]. 

Cyanide ion was determined [92] by the color reaction with a poly(vinyl alcohol) solution of sodium picrate deposited on the fiber surface. The measurement of the absorbance variation (due to evanescent waves) is proportional to CN concentration, but the probe is irreversible. A sulfate probe with non-fluorescent barium chloroanilate, which becomes fluorescent under the action of SO4 (precipitation of sulfate), and a nitrate probe based on the quenching of the fluorescence of an aromatic amine by nitrite ions (reduction of NOf by hydrazine sulfate) have also been proposed [93]. 

With 5000 employees, the company has 465 000 tonnes per year ethylene capacity and 31 300 tonnes per year PP capacity. Major products include sodium cyanide, ethylene, LDPE, propylene, PP, butadiene, neat benzene, p-xylene, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, refined p-phthalic acid, dimethyl phthalate, acrylonitrile, polyester, poly inyl alcohol and polyester film base. 

When living poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) prepared by group transfer polymerization (GTP) is used as a macroinitiator for the ROP of cyclic carbonates, a site transformation from the silyl ketene acetal (GTP-mechanism) to an alcoholate (anionic ROP-mechanism) with a metal-free counterion occurs (Scheme 12.5). The GTP of PMMA was initiated with l-methoxy-l-trimethylsilyloxy-2-methyl-l-propene (MTS) in combination with catalytic amounts of tetrabutyl ammonium cyanide in THF as solvent. Towards the end of the reaction, DTC is dissolved in the reaction mixture and lequiv. of fluoride anions (e.g. tris(dimethylamino) sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate TASF), with respect to the active species, is added. In this way, good yields of the respective block copolymers were obtained. A model experiment for this site transformation is the polymerization of DTC with MTS as the initiator and TASF as the desilylating agent. The fluoride anion promotes desilylation of the silyl ketene acetal with formation of an enolate, which reacts as a carbon-centered nucleophile with the carbonyl carbon of DTC, thereby... 

---