With Crystal Violet

The extractive and photometric procedure of 2,4-D determination in aqueous solutions with crystal violet (CV) is developed. Determination method is based on interaction dye cation with formation of hydrophobic and ionic associate, which is extracted well by toluene. The colour intensity of toluene layer proportional to concentration of coloured cations and... 

Another example of interest with regard to the reaction mechanism is the analysis of epoxy groups. Durbetaki60 titrated a-epoxy compounds with HBr (cf., p. 260) in glacial acetic acid with crystal violet as indicator, but the method was slow for glycidyl esters, CH2—CHCH2OOCR. As it concerns a two-step... 

Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is dissolved in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and mercuric acetate test solution. A standardized solution of 0.1N perchloric acid is used to titrate the solution to a blue-green end point with crystal violet indicator. Each ml of 0.1N perchloric acid is equivalent to 0.1 mmole of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride.1... 

Fig. 16. Photocurrent-voltage curves for />-GaP in contact with crystal violet containing electrolyte (pH = 2) for various illumination intensities (A = 580 nm)...

Heat test at 134.5°C. This heat test is in use in the U.S.A. A sample of 2.5 g of nitrocellulose or nitrocellulose powder ( single base powder ) is kept in a long test tube in a constant temperature bath regulated to 134.5+0.5°C. A band of methyl violet (rosaniline acetate with crystal violet) test paper is kept over the surface of the sample. The test paper should not change to salmon colour before 30 min and no visible N02 vapours should be detected before 45 min. 

Cover bacterial smear on a slide with crystal violet and let stand for 20 seconds and wash off the stain. All cells stain violet. 

Polyamines as Coupling Components. Chrysoidines are obtained by coupling dia-zonium salts of aniline, toluidines, or mixtures thereof to polyamine coupling components such as 1,3-phenylenediamine, 2,4- or 2,6- toluylenediamine, or mixtures of these diamines. These dyes confer muted yellow to orange shades to paper, leather, and polyacrylonitrile fibers. When they are mixed with malachite green and fuchsin, medium-fast black shades are obtained on polyacrylonitriles. A mixture of chrysoidine with Crystal Violet or Victoria Pure Blue is used to adjust the color of nigrosine hectograph inks [1]. 

Decant the fixing solution and stain the slide with crystal violet 0.1% for 15-30 min. 

The cells in the biological fluids are stained with trypan blue for determination of viability and with crystal violet containing citric acid (0.5 gm crystal violet and 10.5 grams citric acid in 500 mL dH20) for cell counts. 

Assay Mix 0.5 g of sample, accurately weighed, with 50 mL of glacial acetic acid, 30 mL of 96% formic acid, and 45 mL of acetic anhydride. Heat and stir until dissolution is complete, and titrate with 0.1 A perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid to a green endpoint with crystal violet indicator. 

Fig. 3.5. Scatter assay. In the illustrated example, B16 melanoma cell colonies have been allowed to grow from few cells either in the absence (control) or in the presence (40 ng/ml) of HGF/SF. After fixation and staining with crystal violet, representative colonies have been photographed.

Data on sizes taken from Brierley (21) represent the mean values of 30 cells stained with crystal violet. Cell lengths depend upon growth conditions strain THl grown on Fe(II) and yeast extract is about 6 /am long. 

Fig. 2. Toxicity assay. (A) Toxicity of test compounds and uninfected cells stained with crystal violet. The densitometry of these wells allows quantitation of stain uptake, and thus of compound toxicity, expressed as a percentage of the density of the no drug control. (B) Toxicity of compounds D, E, and F. Compound E is not significantly toxic at any concentration tested. Compound D has a TC50 of 46 pM compound F has a TC50 of 30 pM (interpolated values).

After aspiration of the overlay, the cells were stained with crystal violet, and macroscopic plaques were enumerated. 

Methods based on extractable associates of the reduced form of molybdoarsenic acid with Crystal Violet (e=3.1 10 ). Methyl Violet, Brilliant Green, or Malachite Green have also been applied [54]. 

Perbromate ions have been extracted into chlorobenzene as ion-associates with Crystal Violet [31], or with Brilliant Green [32]. The analytical properties of perbromate (Br04 ), have been compared with the properties of perchlorate and periodate ions [33]. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods have been developed for the separation of perbromate from other halogen compounds [34]. 

Cadion has been used in determining cadmium in industrial fluids (in zinc production) [20,83], and in soils [84]. The ion associate of cadmium iodide complex with Malachite Green has been used for determining Cd in fertilizers [85], and industrial fluids (in zinc production) with Crystal Violet for determining Cd in food products and in waste waters [86]. 

Another method of determining chlorine in air ias been based on the liberation of an equivalent amount of iodine, which as I3 forms an extractable ion associate with Crystal Violet [67]. 

Besides the Rhodamine 6G-SnCl2 flotation-spectrophotometric method described above, similar methods using other basic dyes, e.g., Victoria Blue B, Victoria Blue 4R, Capri Blue [41], Crystal Violet (e = 2.1-10 ) [42], or Nile Blue A [43], have been proposed. An ion-associate of the chloride platinum complex with Methyl Green has been extracted with a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane and CCI4 (e = 1.45-10 ) [44]. The ion-associate of the Pt-thiocyanate complex with Malachite Green has been extracted with benzene [45], and a thiocyanate- or iodide- Pt complex associated with Crystal Violet has been extracted into xylene or toluene [46]. 

Platinum present in amounts 0.01-5% in catalysts has been determined as the ion-associate of the thiocyanate -Pt(IV) complex with Crystal Violet [46,70]. 

The method based on the ion-associate with Capri Blue has already been presented. The thiocyanate-Ru complex has also been associated with Crystal Violet and Rhodamine 6G (in the presence of gelatine) (e = 1.4-10 ) [15,51]. The ion-associate of the Ru complex with SnCff and Crystal Violet is a basis of a flotation-spectrophotometric method of Ru determination (e = 2.110 at 600 nm) [52]. More sensitive methods are based on flotation of... 

Sensitive methods for determining silicon are based on the formation of molybdosilicate ion-associates with certain basic dyes. The ion-associate with Crystal Violet (formula 4.26) can be extracted with a 3 2 mixture of cyclohexanol and isoamyl alcohol [36]. The sparingly soluble compound is centrifuged and then dissolved in acetone (e = 4.2-10 at 590 nm) [37]. 

Sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric methods are based on the extractable (into CHCI3, 1,2-diehloroethane, benzene, or toluene) ion-associates of basic dyes and anionic Ag complexes with cyanide [35,36], iodide [37,38], and bromide [39]. In these methods, use has been made of such dyes as Crystal Violet [35,39], Brilliant Green [38,39], Malachite Green [39], Methylene Blue [36], and Nile Blue A [37]. In some of these methods the molar absorptivities are elose to MO [36,39]. A flotation method has been proposed, based on the addition compound [R6G ][Ag(SCN )2] [R6G ][SCN ] which is formed by silver ions (at pH 2-5) in the presence of thiocyanate and Rhodamine 6G (flotation with DIPE, the precipitated compound is washed and dissolved in acetone, e = 1.5-10 ) [40]. The complex Ag(CN)2 , associated with Crystal Violet, has been utilized in another flotation-spectrophotometric method of determining silver [41]. Silver has been determined also in a system comprising thiocyanate and Rhodamine B, as an aqueous pseudo-solution, in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) [42]. 

Tin(ll) can be determined with the use of the ion-associate of SnCl with Crystal Violet (formula 4.27) (4-heptanone, e = 8.5-10 ) [48]. The associates of SnCU with Malachite Green [49] and Butylrhodamine B [50] has been extracted into benzene. Usually, TiCH is used to keep tin as Sn(II). The flotation of the ion-associate of SnCli with Rhodamine 6G by means of DIPE enables the separation and determination of traces of Sn(Il) in tin(IV) chloride [51]. The anionic complex of tin(IV) with 3,5-dinitrocatechol can be associated with Brilliant Green (CCU+CeHe, 8 = 1.75-10 ) and Nile Blue A (8 = 1.3-10 ) [52]. The ion-associate of the Ti(rV)-3-nitroalizarin complex with Brilliant Green (CHCI3, 8 = 2.0-10 ) [53], and the complex with thiocarbamide and Xylenol Orange [54] have also been used for Sn determination. 

High sensitivity characterizes the methods based on ion-associates formed by anionic complexes of V(V) with basic dyes. The Brilliant Green method has been described above [33]. The vanadium complex with PAR associated with Crystal Violet is extracted into a mixture of benzene with MIBK (3-f2) (e = l.l lO ) [51]. In a proposed flotation-spectrophotometric method, the V complex with 3,5-dinitropyrocatechol, associated with Rhodamine B, is separated by shaking the solution with cyclohexane the separated compound is washed and dissolved in acetone (e = 2.1-10 at 555 nm) [52], A similar sensitivity is achieved in the method using 5,7-dichloro-oxine and Rhodamine 6G [53]. Another flotation-spectrophotometric method for determining V has been based on 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and Rhodamine B [54]. 

Figure 3. The effect of fluence rate and light fractionation on BPD-mediated PDT. BPD-MA was administered to rats with NBT II tumors implanted into the bladder wall. One hour later tumors were exposed to a total fluence of 30 J/cm of 690 nm irradiation under the following conditions 100 mWcm"- continuous 100 mW/cm - fractionated 15 s on/15 s off 100 mWcm 2 30 s on/30 s off 100 mWcm" 60 s on/60 s off. Tumors were disaggregated 24 h later and tumor cells were plated for colony formation assay. Colonies (50 cells or more) were counted 9 days later after fixing with methanol and staining with crystal violet. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the number of clonogenic cells with data at 100 mWcm - and continuous wave irradiations. NS not significant. (Source linuma et al. [32]. Reproduced with permission.)...

Gram (Gram s Stain) A method for separating bacteria whereby bacteria are stained first with crystal violet (a red dye) and then washed with an iodine solution. Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus) retain the dye. Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and some Bacillus) lose the dye. 

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