Pollution control Source reduction

There are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or prevent pollution at tlie source tlirough cost-effective changes in production, operation and raw materials use.. . . The opportmiities for source reduction are often not realized because existing regulations, and tlie industrial resources tliey require for compliance, focus upon treatment and disposal, rather tliaii source reduction.. . . Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable tlian waste management and pollution control. 

In the area of pollution control, file removal of NOx from stationary sources effluents, such as power plant stack gases, has been accomplished by use of titania-vanadia catal)rsts, which promote the reduction of NOx with NH3 to produce nitrogen and water. 

Except as specifically provided in the U.S. CFR, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the effluent limitations shown in Table 9.19 which represents the degree of effluent reduction attainable by applying the BAT. Alternatively, for the metal finishing industrial facilities with cyanide treatment, and upon agreement between a source subject to those limits and the pollution control authority, the amenable cyanide limit shown in Table 9.20 may apply in place of the total cyanide limit specified in Table 9.19. No user subject to the provisions of these regulations shall augment the use of process wastewater or otherwise dilute the wastewater as a partial or total substitute for adequate treatment to achieve compliance with this limitation. 

With the advance of three-way catalysis for pollution control, used mainly in automobile catalytic conversion but also for the purification of gas exhausts from stationary sources, a need has arisen to develop a basic understanding of the reactions associated with the reduction of nitrogen oxides on transition metal catalytic surfaces [1,2]. That conversion is typically carried out by using rhodium-based catalysts [3], which makes the process quite expensive. Consequently, extensive effort has been placed on trying to minimize the amount of the metal needed and/or to replace it with an alternatively cheaper and more durable active phase. However, there is still ample room for improvement in this direction. By building a molecular-level picture of theprocesses involved,... 

At the heart of the problem of relating improvements in air quality to reductions in pollutant emission is a reliable method of prediction. Only with such a method can there be rational planning for air pollution control through regulation of transportation, indirect sources, and stationary sources. Decision-makers need it as a tool and must specify it in their regulations. Otherwise, their administration of an air quality plan would be based on sheer guesswork tempered by political negotiation. 

Larsen, R. I., and W. W. Heck. An air quality data analysis system for interrelating effects, stands, and needed source reductions Part 3. Vegetation injury. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 26 325-333, 1976. 

As we mentioned previously, the research on the field of nanomaterials is at a primitive stage and literature mainly focuses on the benefits of using such particles for environmental load reduction, waste treatment, and source pollution control, as well as the toxicological and health issues accompanying the use of such materials. As a consequence, there are still few methods developed for food matrices and even lesser monitoring schemes applied. Currently, no data have been noticed reporting the occurrence on nanomaterial residues in food and just one work has been published till now reporting the occurrence of nanoparticle (fullerenes) in real environmental samples [6]. 

The electric furnace process (Fig. 11) for the conversion of phosphate rock into phosphorus was described by Horton et al. [15] in a paper that also presented the results of a pilot plant study of treating the wastes produced. The process, as well as the handling of the various waste streams for pollution control, are discussed in Section 9.5.2. In processing the phosphate, the major source of wastewater is the condenser water bleedoff from the reduction furnace, the flow of which varies from 10 to 100 gpm (2.3-22.7 m /hour) and its quality characteristics are presented in Table 7. 

Wolf, K. May 1988. "Source Reduction and the Waste Management Hierarchy." Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, vol. 38, No.5, p.681. 

Passage of the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) by the U.S. Congress in 1990 ushered in a new era in the philosophy of controlling risks from toxic chemicals. The PPA declared it to be the policy of the United States that pollution should be prevented at the source when possible, and it defined source reduction as any practice that ... 

Daniels, R.B. and J.W. Gilliam (1996). Sediment and chemical load reduction by grass and riparian filters. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60 246-251. Dillaha, T.A., R.B. Reneau, S. Mostaghimi, and D. Lee (1989). Vegetative filter strips for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. 

Similarly where intermediate, final production, or co-production may be a direct or indirect source of pollution, control by the same directive should be established and if List II substances are also involved a progranune of reduction c pollution together with deadlines is required. 

Prior to passage of the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA), control efforts within industry were reactive, focusing on treatment and disposal of waste, with pollution prevention also referred to as P2 . The act proposed a front-end approach to pollution control, reducing the amount of materials entering the production process. It also suggested technical support to business in order to put source reduction into practice. The policy states the following ... 

Control and reduction of ambient air pollutants in the United States has met with varying degrees of success. Unleaded gasoline now accounts for 99% of all gasoline sales. This change has virtually eliminated mobile sources as emitters of lead and reduced ambient lead levels by more than 75%. Likewise, stationary point sources of lead emissions, primarily industrial smelters, have dropped by more than 90% over the past three decades, although significant... 

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