Pollution electrokinetics

Isoo, K., Otsuka, K., and Terabe, S. (2001). Application of sweeping to micellar electrokinetic chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analysis of environmental pollutants. Electrophoresis 22, 3426-3432. 

Ko, S.-O. (1998). Electrokinetic/surfactant-enhanced remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in low permeability subsurface environments. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A M University, College Station, TX. 

Ribeiro, A.B. and Mexia, J.T. (1997) A dynamic model for the electrokinetic removal of copper from a polluted soil.f. Hazardous Mat., 56, 257-271. 

Electroremediation — Electrochemical process for in-situ decontamination and restoration of polluted soils, sludge, or other solid wastes. It is also currently known as electroreclamation, electrorestoration, or electrokinetic remediation. The technology involves the application of a low-intensity direct current across inert electrode pairs... 

Electrokinetics is an in situ remediation technology applicable to soil or soil-like material with low hydraulic conductivities (e.g., clay) contaminated with heavy metals, radionuclides, and selected organic pollutants. The technique has been used in the past in the oil recovery industry and to remove water from soils. 

One of the more recent technologies in pollution treatment and remediation is based on the electrokinetic decontamination of soils [126-128], in which a dc potential (a few volts per centimeter) is applied across two inert electrodes embedded in a soil mass. This applied potential causes decomposition of the soil water to occur at the two electrodes. The migration of contaminants in the electric field, water transport, and reactions at the electrodes, as well as reactions caused by the induced pH gradient, can effectively clean soils. Acar et al. [127] reviewed electrokinetic remediation for the removal of metals and other inorganic contaminants from soil as well as its use in the extraction of organics from contaminated soils. 

Shamsi, S.A., C. Akbay, and I.M. Warner. 1998. Polymeric anionic surfactant for electrokinetic chromatography separation of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. Anal. Chem. 70 3078-3083. 

Song, L., Z. Xu, J. Kang, and J. Cheng. 1997. Analysis of environmental pollutants by capillary electrophoresis with emphasis on micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 780 297-328. 

Characterize the physical and chemical principles of electrokinetic treatment of polluted soils. Give examples. 

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as an efficient and rapid separation technique in recent years. Its high efficiency has been employed in many applications such as in the analysis of environmental pollutants.Different approaches have been adopted to enhance selectivity for the analysis of different types of compounds. There are two approaches most commonly used to improve CE separations the addition of modifiers into the electrophoretic medium and the modification of the column. Examples of the first approach include the addition of surfactants into the electrophoretic medium as in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and the use of organic solvents,cyclodextrines, " " or bile salts " as buffer modifiers. Examples of the second method include the use of gel-filled columns (capillary gel electrophoresis) " and the coating of the capillary wall surface. " " ... 

Ottosen L, Jensen JB, Villumsen A, Iaursen S, Hansen HK and Sloth P (1995) Electrokinetic remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals -experiences with different kinds of soils and different mixtures of metals. In Van den Brink, WJ, Bosman R, Arendt F, eds. Contaminated Soil 95, pp. 1029-1038. Kluwer Academic Publ, Dordrecht. 

Sequential approaches are developed where (a) anionic metals are removed first and then cationic metals when mixed metal contamination is present and (b) organic compounds are removed first followed by the removal of heavy metals when coexisting heavy metal and organic contaminants are found. For example, the simultaneous electrokinetic removal of inorganic and organic pollutants (SEKRIOP)... 

Electrokinetic biobarriers (also known as electrokinetic biofences) are modified electrokinetic barrier used to contain and biodegrade organic pollutants in ground-... 

Overall, the field applications demonstrate that the electrokinetic treatment is an adequate tool for the remediation of polluted sites with heavy metals. However,... 

Pazos M, Ricart MT, Sanroman MA, Cameselle C. (2007). Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted kaolinite with an azo dye. Electrochimica Acta 52(10) 3393-3398. 

Jensen JB, Kubes V, Kubal M. (1994). Electrokinetic remediation of sods polluted with heavy metals. Removal of zinc and copper using a new concept. Environmental Technology 15 1077-1082. 

Kim SO, Moon SH, Kim KW. (2001). Removal of heavy metals from sods using enhanced electrokinetic sod processing. Water Air and Soil Pollution 125(l-4) 259-272. 

Lynch RJ, Muntoni A, Ruggeri R, Winfield KC. (2007). Preliminary tests of an electrokinetic barrier to prevent heavy metal pollution of soils. Electrochimica Acta 52(10) 3432-3440. 

Ribeiro AB. (1994). Electrokinetic removal of heavy metals from a polluted soil. In Cornett Course—Pollution Control and Removal of Pollutants (Nitrates, Nitrites, Heavy Metals) from surface and groundwaters. March 21-23, Lisbon, Portugal Instituto Superior Tecnico. 

Suer P, Allard B. (2003). Mercury transport and speciation during electrokinetic soil remediation. Water Air and Soil Pollution 143(1 ) 99-109. 

Virkutyte J, SiUanpaa M, Lens P. (2006). Electrokinetic copper and iron migration in anaerobic granular sludge. Water Air and Soil Pollution 117(1-4) 147-168. 

Therefore, the problem of effective remediation of soils of radioactive nuclides is very relevant. Most technologies of soil decontamination that are currently developed are based on flushing soils with various chemicals and include processes of chemical leaching and selective extraction of radioactive nuclides (Prozorov et flZ., 2000 Shevtsova, 2003). The electrokinetic technique is a new and perspective method of soil remediation, whose main advantage consists in its applicability to decontaminating soils with low filtration ability directly at the site of its local pollution (e.g. in a rock mass) (Pamukcu and Wittle, 1992 Acar et al, 1993, 2001 Janosy and Piot, 1998 Korolev, 2001, 2006 Korolev, Barkhatova, and Shevtsova, 2007). 

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