Policy Barriers

Cohen, J., L. Forman, and N. Lipkus. 2004. Policy Barriers to Drug Access What are the Issues What are the Solutions Unpublished policy paper for Gates Foundation. 

Policy barriers, which include regulatory barriers and barriers to conducting quality analysis... 

Several different physical, legal, and policy barriers restrain individuals in the FSU NBC weapons complexes from transferring their expertise to states and terrorist groups. In most of the closed cities, administrative and security personnel maintain tight controls on the travel of key personnel. For example, authorities exercise great control over passports, which restricts the ability of personnel to travel abroad. 

TIE/NACEPT. Permitting and Compliance Policy Barriers to U.S. Environmental Technology Innovations, EPA-lOl/N-91/001, Report and Recommendations of the Technology Innovation and Economics Committee, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology, Office of the Administrator, Washington, DC, January 1, 1991. 

I could go on to the Presidential message to Congress on Science and Technology of March 1972 calling for an assessment of Institutional and policy barriers to Innovation and means for overcoming them. 

Although numerous cases have been documented where petroleum refineries have simultaneously reduced pollution outputs and operating costs through pollution prevention techniques, there are often barriers to their im-plementation. The primary barrier to most pollution prevention projects is cost. Many pollution prevention options simply do not pay for themselves, or the economics often appear marginal. Corporate investments typically must earn an adequate return on invested capital for the shareholders and some pollution prevention options at some facilities may not meet the requirements set by company policies. 

Accident defenses may be regarded as a series of barriers (engineered safety systems, safety procedures, emergency training, etc.). As barriers fail, incipient failures become real. Inappropriate management policies create inadequate PIFs, which give rise to opportunities foi ermr when initiated by local triggers or unusual conditions. 

Indeed, before widespread government policy inteiwentions into appliance efficiency, trends in efficiency were as likely to represent decreases in efficiency as increases. The same market barriers that recently have impeded the introduction of new tech-... 

Golove, W. H., and Eto, J. H. (1996). Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency A Critical Reappraisal of the Rationale for Public Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency. Lawience Berkeley National Laboratniy. LBNL-.38059. 

Conformity with EU international obligations under the WTO. Obviously, the policy should not introduce illegal or mmecessary barriers to trade. 

Management systems for chemical process safety are comprehensive sets of policies, procedures, and practices designed to ensure that barriers to major incidents are in place, in use, and effective. The management systems serve to integrate process safety concepts into ongoing activities of everyone involved in operations— from the chemical process operator to the chief executive officer. 

First, the pharmaceutical market failures mentioned above may be empirically inconsequential, which may either render their regulation unnecessary or make it advisable to use more flexible price control policies. For example, justifications for regulation that are based on the virtual absence of competition seem weak when one observes markets with products whose patent has expired. When a patent expires barriers to entry should disappear, since the composition of the active ingredient becomes public, and other companies should not have too many problems to reproduce the production process. The reasons brandished for price regulation when any company can manufacture a generic to compete with the brand product find no justification in theory. 

The quality of life experienced by people with MCS is shaped, to a great extent, by the level of awareness of environmental health issues where they live and work. Some are recipients of workplace accommodations in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act others are harassed and ostracized at work, or fired from their jobs. Some disabled by chemical exposures in the workplace receive workers compensation the majority of chemical-illness claims are denied. Some cities, schools and other institutions have adopted fragrance-free policies and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs to reduce chemical barriers and dangers in public places others still resist despite all the prevalence studies and research indicating that MCS is a serious threat to public health. 

Susan completed her undergraduate work at the University of California at Berkeley, followed by training and work as a paralegal. Later, in spite of serious chemical and electromagnetic field barriers, she earned a master s degree in disability policy. A divorce was one of the challenges she faced during that chapter of her life. 

In contrast, as a Directive by the EEC Council to the Member States, the Sixth Amendment is not self-implementing, and it is not directly enforceable against individual companies. Rather, each EEC country must implement its own premarket notification laws, regulations, and administrative provisions. These must be consistent with the overall framework of the Sixth Amendment, and they must not create the types of conflicts or intra-EEC barriers that the Directive was intended to prevent in the first place. Nonetheless, they may be different from one another, to reflect local policies and approaches to specific regulatory matters. 

Developments to Date. It often has been stated that the basic policy objective of efforts to harmonize the U.S. and European laws is the achievement of consistent and effective protection of health and the environment. However, economic considerations — in particular, the avoidance (or minimization) of non-tariff trade barriers — constitute the principal force behind virtually all of these multilateral efforts. The trade in chemicals and chemical products constitutes a significant part of the overall trade between Western industrialized nations. Specifically, the U.S. enjoys a favorable balance in its chemicals trade, and this is particularly significant given the current recession. Thus, any unnecessary barriers to this trade may impose substantial burdens upon certain segments of the American chemical industry, and may constitute violations of the international General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). 

In a survey of industry practices, Heda (12) found that, as a matter of policy, 46% of the firms sampled favor direct filling of powders as a first choice over granulation prior to filling capsules. Thirty-six percent of firms allow formu-lators to make that decision at their own discretion, whereas 18% of firms favor granulation of all formulations prior to encapsulation. Yet, for half of the firms responding, only 0 10% of their hard shell capsule products are direct-fill powder formulations, and only 27% of firms reported that more than 50% of their capsules were developed as direct-fill formulations. Although some of these non-direct-fill formulations may be controlled release formulations, e.g., barrier-coated bead products, difficult powder formulation problems may, at least in part, account for this observation. 

Nason, H. K., "National Science and Technology Policy-Perceptions of Barriers to Innovation", Research Management (January 1977) 17-20. 

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