International obligations

Conformity with EU international obligations under the WTO. Obviously, the policy should not introduce illegal or mmecessary barriers to trade. 

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was formed to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintainmg financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as Non-Member countries in the process of economic development and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations (OECD 1960). 

The ruling Swedish political establishment is, of course, well aware that issuing restrictions based on its own extremist version of the PP may cause serious international complications. In particular, the EU Commission as well as the WTO can be expected to raise objections about Sweden introducing non-tariff barriers to trade. To head off complaints appearing before the European Court of Justice and WTO, Sweden has devised various subtle means to circumvent its international obligations under, for instance, the articles on the Free Movement of Goods as stipulated by the 1957 Treaty of Rome. 

The demands of global justice are further explored by David Resnik. Resnik believes that international justice depends not on individuals, but primarily on nations because they stand to have the greatest impact. In view of international justice goals, global health inequalities need to be considered. Resnik looks at the implications of the main theories of justice and what our international obligations of justice are. He begins with Rawlsian egalitarianism and then considers the Implications of utilitarianism in relation to questions about international justice. 

Air quality management covers both national as well as international obligations. From the position of a single Member State, transboundary pollution can be seen as an external reason . Transboundary pollution is tackled e.g. by the NEC Directive [2] and the UNECE protocols. However, the implementation of these obligations is also a national task. 

Due to both expiration of service life of the above vessels and observation by the Russian Federation (RF) of the relevant international obligations, in the latter half of the 1980s active process of withdrawal from military service of general-purpose NSs, strategic-missile NSs and MVs began. 

On the domestic front, despite the State Party s international obligation to implement treaty provisions, these can be implemented only to the extent that they meet the legal standards of the State Party s constitution. On the other hand, internationally, it is one of the fundamental principles of international law that, in the words of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) judgment, a State cannot adduce as against another State its own Constitution with a view to evading obligations incumbent upon it under international law or treaties in force . Thus, a State Party would face the dilemma of whether to abide by domestic law or by international treaty law if an inspector is refused access to some particular facihty or location by its owner for any reason. 

As is evident from the text of Security Council Resolution 1540 and the CWC, the implementation of international obligations at the national level encompasses both the adoption of legislation and its enforcement. This chapter will focus on the former, in particular on the comprehensiveness of legislation required by the CWC. 

Compliance by States with international obligations relies, chiefly, on the behaviour of their bodies and the existence of appropriate national mechanisms aimed at controlling implementation of international commitments. If ATCPs (or only some of them) are not able to control public and private undertakings in Antarctica, the ambitious assertion of a special responsibility in the Antarctic Treaty area in the interest of mankind risks becoming a classic example of claimed authority without real accountability. 

In the Polish view the most essential point is the harmonisation of the EU ETS design and the NAP preparation rules with economic and social goals, environmental policy and international obligations. The main criterion of proper harmonisation is the ability to generate a positive balance of benefits and costs in each country as a result of ETS... 

When a State exercises its rights deriving from sovereignty and prevents a humanitarian organization from carrying out its humanitarian activities in a manner that is inconsistent with the limits imposed by the relevant rules of IHL, this would be a breach of an international obligation. Two main legal consequences follow such a breach (1) individual criminal responsibility and (2) State responsibility. 

Apart from the individual criminal responsibility, when there is a breach of an international obligation, a State becomes immediately nnder the obligation to cease the breach and make Ml reparation for the injury caused by such breach. The obligations to bear responsibility and make full reparation, including compensation, for breaches of IHL are explicitly provided for in the 1907 Hague Convention, Geneva Conventions and Protocol I, which have also now become part of cnstomary international law applicable to both international and non-intemational armed conflict. ... 

Moreover, the aim of countermeasures is to induce a State that is responsible for an internationally wrongful act to comply with its international obligations. In... 

Civil nuclear activities conducted within the jurisdiction of States are, as any other activities, subject to obligations to which States may subscribe under international conventions, in addition to generally accepted principles of international law. States are expected to adopt within their national legal systems such legislation (including regulations) and other standards and measures as may be necessary to fulfil all of their international obligations effectively. 

Draft Comprehensive Program of Staged Destruction of Chemical Weapons in the Russian Federation. Phase 1. Priority Measures on Preparing to Meet International Obligations in the Area of Destroying Chemical Weapons Stockpiles, Moscow, 1992. 

Simon Caney, National Rights, International Obligations (Boulder Westview Press, 1996). 

---