Point sources of pollution

Existing methods for monitoring the transport of gases were inadequate for studying aerosols. To solve the problem, qualitative and quantitative information were needed to determine the sources of pollutants and their net contribution to the total dry deposition at a given location. Eventually the methods developed in this study could be used to evaluate models that estimate the contributions of point sources of pollution to the level of pollution at designated locations. 

Bubble Policy The bubble concept introduced under PSD provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 was formally proposed as EPA policy on Jan. 18, 1979, the final policy statement being issued on Dec. 11, 1979. The bubble pohcy allows a company to find the most efficient way to control a plant s emissions as a whole rather than by meeting individual point-source requirements. If it is found less expensive to tighten control of a pollutant at one point and relax controls at another, this woiild be possible as long as the total pollution from the plant woiild not exceed the sum of the current hmits on individual point sources of pollution in the plant. Properly apphed, this approach would promote greater economic efficiency and increased technological innovation. 

Biotransformation was also strongly indicated as a factor in the degradation of trichloroethylene in a case of soil and groundwater pollution (Milde et al. 1988). The only ethylenes at the point source of pollution were tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene however, substantial amounts of known metabolites of these two compounds (dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene) were found at points far from the source. Data from laboratory studies by the same group supported the study authors contention that degradation was due... 

OSPAR facilitated these technical efforts by setting up an Intersessional Correspondence Group (ICG) - a loose group of experts drawn from industry and government - which reports to OSPAR s annual meeting on point sources of pollution (known, creatively, as POINT). This work culminated in a two-day chlor-alkali workshop ( WOCAI ) in Madrid in September 1999 at which very full technical presentations were made on every aspect of the mercury issue. The conclusions of this workshop supported some, but not all, of industry s views. Where areas of technical disagreement still existed these were referred back to the ICG for resolution. 

Rivers listed in Table 2 and shown in Fig. 3 incorporate a broad range of characteristics, including water discharge, catchment area, land cover, land use, and the number of people hving in the catchment. Land use and population reflect the potential pollution intensity, whereas the percentage of intensively used agricultural land in the catchment or the number of inhabitants per unit water discharge are major pollution stress factors. They also represent important diffuse and point sources of pollution. 

What is the difference between a point source of pollution and a nonpoint source ... 

Source Identification of Airborne Particles, In recent years, ingenious methods of identifying the point source of airborne particles have been developed. If not specific point sources of pollution, rather small regional areas can often be identified. Source of particles can be important for numerous reasons, including the enforcement of regulation and also in sorting out. for example, the various distant sources that contribute to acid rain pollution. 

Total Phosphorus (TP). Mainly as the result of controls over point sources of pollution, decreasing trends in TP were found in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi regions. Significant correlations in TP increases were found in connection with nonpoint sources (mainly agriculture) in several regions. 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Under Section 303(d) of the 1972 Clean Water Act, states, territories, and authorized tribes were required to develop a list of impaired waters. The impaired waters do not meet water quality standards that states, territories, and authorized tribes have set for them, even after point sources of pollution have installed the minimum required levels of pollution control technology. The law requires that these jurisdictions establish priority rankings for waters on the lists and develop TMDLs for these waters. 

The third step in the risk assessment process is exposure assessment. In exposure assessment, the intake of a toxic agent from the environment is quantified using any combination of oral, inhalation, and dermal routes of exposure. This assessment may include a component for each route, such as when an assessor would investigate the potential impact of a point source of pollution. In this case, the magnitude of exposure depends on the amount of chemical used or released, chemical fate and transport, chemical concentration at the point of exposure, the routes and rates of uptake, the duration, the exposure setting (location and number of potential receptors, land use and human activities that could lead to exposure), and characteristics of receptors potentially exposed to the chemical. 

A sewage works would be a point source of pollution, e.g. from an effluent pipe whereas agricultural pollution is likely to be from a non-point source. 

Section 402 Point sources of pollution discharging into a surface waterbody Also called National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program... 

Section 319 Non point sources of pollution (farming, forestry operations,. ..)... 

Because a trace-metal concentration distribution map shows a texture that is not related exclusively to grain-size, but also to point sources of pollution along the Connecticut coast (Figs. 7-9), this means that the net... 

Whereas until now much of the effort related to environmental policies has concentrated on large point sources of pollution either at the start of the product s life (manufacturing) or its end (waste disposal), IPP aims to integrate policies across the whole lifecycle. It is market orientated and aims to use incentives to move the market towards more sustainable options. 

The timescale for the implementation of IPP is long and the impact of the current proposals reduced from the original intentions. However, the successes achieved in dealing with major point sources of pollution have enabled the scope of en-... 

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