Sewage works

Effluents from both dye works and dyehouses are treated both before leaving the plant, eg, neutrali2ation of acidic and alkaline Hquors and heavy metal removal, and in municipal sewage works. Various treatments are used (34). 

Lanfear, K. J. and Coil, J. J., Modilylng Manning s Equation for Flow Rate Estimates, Water and Sewage Works, March 1978, p. 68. 

Carter, R. and I. J. Karassik, Basic Factors in Centrifugal Pump Application and Basic Factors in Preparing A Centrifugal Pump Inquiry, Reprint RP-477, Worthington Corp., Harri.son, N.J., reprinted from Water and Sewage Works magazine. 

A sewerage authority must decide on the level of contamination, which it is prepared to accept into its sewer. The amount of sulfate and of biodegradable matter, which can be allowed, will depend, first, on the quantity and quality of the flow already in the sewer and available to dilute the effluent. The second decision concerns the limits of contaminants which are acceptable into the sewage works. 

Pomeroy, R.D. and F.D. Bowlus (1946), Progress report on sulfide control research, J. Sewage Works, 18, 597-640. 

For a detailed discussion the reader is referred to a number of recent monographs [9,10,23] and review articles [50,226-231]. The role of electrochemistry in waste water and effluent treatment is still queried, as remarked by Pletcher and Walsh [10]. One answer would be, relatively small since there are many competitive methods which are cheaper on a large scale and use less energy. Principle types of processes used in local-authority sewage works are listed in Table 14. 

Table 14. Types of processes used in local-authority sewage works [10,p.332]...

Smirnova et al. [5] have described a simple non-enzymatic method of quantitative determination of adenosine triphosphate in activated sludge from aeration tanks. Extraction of the nucleotides in boiling distilled water was followed by removal of the protein impurities by acidification. Barium salts of di- and triphosphates of the nucleotides were precipitated and the precipitate was washed and dissolved in acid to convert the barium salts to sodium salts. The quantity of adenosine triphosphate was determined quantitatively by inorganic phosphorus in the liquid over the precipitate before and after acid hydrolysis, and by ultraviolet absorption spectra. The method was tested in activated sludge from operational sewage works. There was good agreement between the adenosine triphosphate content determined spectrophotometrically and by phosphorus, despite the presence of small quantities of secondary impurities. 

Mino, T., Matsuo, T. and Kawakami, T. (1983) Journal of the Japan Sewage Works Association, 20, 28. 

Pickett, A., 1947, Protection of Underground Water from Sewage and Industrial Wastes Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 64—72. 

Schneider, W. A., 1948, Industrial Waste Disposal in Los Angeles City Water Sewage Works, January, pp. 37-39. 

In the assessment of odour production and nuisance from industrial processes the techniques are by now reasonably well established, and their accuracy and consistency are in principle known. There are major differences however between say a rendering plant on the one hand and a sewage treatment works on the other. One difference is psychological to many people an odour problem is necessarily concomitant to the existence of a sewage works. There have been instances of a well-operated sewage works built next to a tannery, where the sewage works has been almost universally blamed by irate local residents for a problem to which it has contributed in only a minor way. To this extent, for some people the only way to convince them that there is no odour nuisance would be to shut the works completely, and even then it is known that complaints can continue for some time afterwards. 

The major difference however is that industrial processes are normally carried out in enclosed vessels, whereas open tanks are the rale at a sewage works for storage and for... 

This is an option that is not open to the farmer or the sewage works operator. The cost and practicability of enclosing the processes used in sewage treatment varies considerably, but in the disposal of sludge or animal slurries to land there is never a realistic option that the dispersion of odours once transferred to the gas phase might be effectively controlled. 

Brown et al. (1980) observed that when acrylamide (0.5 mg/L) was added to estuarine water and river water with and without sediment, no acrylamide was detected after 7 d. The percentage of acrylamide remaining in seawater and sediment, sewage work effluent, and sludge were 25, 62, and 35%, respectively. 

Black, O.R. Study of wastes from rubber industry. Sewage Works J. 1946, 18, 1169. 

Malaney GW, McKinney RE. 1966. Oxidative abilities of benzene-acclimated activated sludge. Water Sewage Works 113 302-309. 

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