Pneumonia incidence

Spray SB, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Aspiration pneumonia incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes. Am J Surg 1976 131 701-703. 

Chevret S, Hemmer M, Carlet J, Langer M, the European Cooperative Group on Nosocomial Pneumonia. Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units. Results from a multicenter prospective study on 996 patients. Intensive Care Med 1993 19 256-264. 

May be preferred in patients whose risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is greater than upper gastrointestinal bleed. Data suggests a lower incidence of HAP when compared with H2-receptor antagonist... 

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae type b dramatically. Prior to the availability of Hib conjugate vaccines, Hib meningitis or other invasive disease was documented in 1 in 200 children by the age of 5 years.5 Widespread use of the Hib vaccine has reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease by 99% and has shifted the age distribution of bacterial meningitis to older age groups (from 15 months in 1986 to 25 years in 1995).1,6 Recent data indicate that routine use of the 7-valent... 

Patients admitted to the intensive-care unit (ICU) have severe pneumonia, and the etiology includes S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae as in the other categories however, the incidence of Legionella pneumophila increases in this setting and should be included in the organism differential. In addition, enteric gramnegative bacilli and S. aureus are more frequently the cause of the pneumonia. The recommendations are to treat with an... 

Good ventilation in buildings is essential to minimise the incidence of pneumonia. Buildings that seem exposed by human standards are much healthier for cattle than those with a stuffy atmosphere. Stale, humid air, laden with dust, is a recipe for enzootic pneumonia. 

Vancomycin use should be based on local incidence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and until cefotaxime or ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentration results are available. 

Common viral infections may affect the outcome of carcinogenicity studies by altering survival or tumor incidence. Nevertheless, viral infections did not cause consistent adverse effects on survival or tumor prevalence in control F344 rats from 28 NCI-NTP studies, though body weights were reduced by Sendai and pneumonia viruses of mice (Rao et al., 1989). The probability of such infections can be minimized by using viral-antibody-free animals, which are readily available. 

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) are X-linked, allelic, neuromuscular diseases. DMD/BMD are characterized by progressive muscular weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle. DMD is the most common recessive lethal disease, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 newborns, and according to estimates, one-third of the cases are linked with new mutations (M3). Clinical symptoms of the disease appear earlier, by 2 to 3 years of age, in the form of retarded motor development. Progressive symptomatic children show weakness and wasting of muscle and are usually wheelchair bound approximately by the age of 11-12 years. It has been reported that most patients die at about the age of 20 due to pneumonia, which is related to chronic respiratory insufficiency. BMD—being the rarer allelic disorder—has a milder clinical course with slower disease progression. The BMD-affected patients usually survive beyond the age of 30. 

Taylor, S., Guthertz, L.S., Leatherwood, M. and Lieber, E.R. (1979). Histamine production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an incident of scombroid fish poisoning, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 37, 274. 

Morrison 1, Sprague P. 1976. Kerosene pneumonia Its incidence in Perth and case history of a recent fatality. Australas Radiol 20(2) 118-121. 

Because trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole have their effects at different points in the folic acid synthetic pathway, a synergistic effect results when the two are administered together. The incidence of bacterial resistance to the combination is less than that observed when the drugs are used individually. Resistance is an increasing problem in a number of bacteria, but is especially problematic in the Enterobacteriaceae, against which the combination is used in AIDS patients for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient in nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective in the prevention of muscular dystrophy in animals. Sodium selenite is administered to prevent exudative diathesis in chicks, a condition in which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease in sheep and infertility in ewes (see Feed additives). Selenium lessens the incidence of pneumonia in lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica in pigs and decreases muscular inflammation in horses. White muscle disease, widespread in sheep and catde of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant in high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1974 (see Feed additives). Much of selenium s metabolic activity results from its involvement in the selenoprotein enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

While several trials demonstrated efficacy of such interventions in reducing the incidence of pneumonia, no convincing impact on mortality or length of hospital stay was demonstrated. In fact, the implications of these practices for development of antimicrobial resistance are so great that selective decontamination is not favoured and is, generally, not practised. 

In studies on rabbit alveolar macrophage cultures, Waters and coworkers (133) presented data suggesting that vanadium oxides may adversely affect pulmonary defense. The cytotoxicity of the oxides studied were directly related to their solubility, i.e., V2O5 > V203 > V02. Ambient vanadium concentrations in urban regions have been reported to correlate with mortality incidence from bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in males (134). Likewise, industrial exposure to airborne manganese has been shown to correlate with increased incidence of bronchitis, caused in part by increased susceptibility to infection (135). 

There have been no reports of an increased frequency of lower respiratory tract infections. However, patients with aspiration of gastric material who were treated with glucocorticoids did not have improved survival but had a higher incidence of pneumonia (SED-12, 982). 

The need for new antibiotics is driven by the recent rise in the incidence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The emergence of multiple-drug resistance to community-acquired infections, such as those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is particularly alarming due to the ease of transmission [1-4], Recent reports show that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the common cause of hospital-acquired infections, has also moved into the community [5],... 

No respiratory effects were associated with exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD-contaminated herbicides in a group of Vietnam Air Force veterans involved in Operation Ranch Hand examined more than 10 years after the war (Wolfe et al. 1985). In the 1987 follow-up (USAF 1991), no association was found between the initial or current serum level of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and incidences of asthma, bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, or tuberculosis abnormal spirometric measurements were often associated with CDD blood levels, but according to the authors (USAF 1991), the differences in the mean level between high- and low-exposure subjects were not clinically important. The authors suggested that these findings may have been related to the association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD and body fat because obesity is known to cause a reduction in vital capacity. 

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