Pneumococcus pneumoniae

Ultracentrifugation has proved helpful also in the characterization of specific antibodies and in the investigation of antibody production. Thus Kabat (166) was able to establish a molecular weight of approximately 185,000 for the antipneumococcal antibody obtained from the serum of a patient convalescing from type I pneumococcus pneumonia. Davis et al. (65) found that the Wassermann antibody was associated with two components, 2o = 7 [Pg.178]

The bacterium was Strepto coccus pneumoniae also called Pneumococcus... 

The bacterium was Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called Pneumococcus. 

Bacterial meningitis is the most common cause of CNS infections. An epidemiologic review of bacterial meningitis in 1995 revealed that Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was the most common pathogen (47%), followed by Neisseria... 

The polysaccharides of pneumococcus (Diplococcus pneumoniae) have been the subjects of numerous investigations in the past twenty years. It is possible within the limits of this review to consider only a few of the more important results briefly. 

The pneumococci all belong to different types of the same species, namely, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This was earlier called Diplococcus pneumoniae, but has been renamed.5 6 7 There are some 80 different types of pneumococcus, and two systems of nomenclature, the Danish, used in Europe, and Eddy s, used in the United States.8 Tables correlating the Danish and American designations have been published.8 The Danish system, with Arabic numerals and common abbreviations, such as Phi for Type 1 and SI for its type-specific, capsular polysaccharide, will be used in this article. 

The vast majority of pneumonia cases acquired in the community by otherwise healthy adults are due to S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) (up to 75% of all acute bacterial pneumonias in the United States). Other common bacterial causes include M. pneumoniae, Legionella, and C. pneumoniae, which are referred to as atypical pathogens. Community-acquired... 

In the pediatric age group, most pneumonias are due to viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus. Pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause, followed by Group A Streptococcus and S. aureus. 

Previously healthy, ambulatory patient Pneumococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Macrolide/azalide/ tetracycline0... 

Elderly Pneumococcus, gram-negative bacilli (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae)] Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae Piperacillin-tazobactam, cephalosporin carbapenemP... 

Alcoholism Aspiration pneumonia Pneumococcus, K pneumoniae, S. aureus, H influenzae, possibly mouth anaerobes Ticarcillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, plus aminoglycoside carba-penem,e fluoroquinolone ... 

The Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and meningitis. In this strain, the cell wall anchored pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been demonstrated to bind lactoferrin [181]. PspA and closely related proteins in a variety of pneumococcal isolates are most likely involved in the sequestration of iron from lactoferrins, and finally contribute to the virulence of these bacteria. However, the means by which the pneumococcus acquires iron at the mucosal surface during invasive infection is not well understood at the molecular level [182],... 

A combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective treatment for a wide variety of infections including P jiroveci pneumonia, shigellosis, systemic salmonella infections, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. It is active against most Staphylococcus aureus strains, both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, and against respiratory tract pathogens such as the pneumococcus, Haemophilus sp, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (but not Mycoplasma pneumoniae). However, the increasing prevalence of strains of E coli (up to 30% or more) and pneumococci that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole must be considered before using this combination for empirical therapy of upper urinary tract infections or pneumonia. 

Adult (community- acquired) Pneumococcus, Mycoplasma, Legionella, H influenzae, aureus, C pneumonia, conforms Outpatient Macrolide,4 amoxicillin, tetracycline Outpatient Quinolone... 

Mescher and many others suspected that nuclein (nucleic acid) was associated in some way with cell inheritance, but the first direct evidence that DNA is the bearer of genetic information came in 1944 through a discovery made by Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. These investigators found that DNA extracted from a virulent (disease-causing) strain of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, genetically transformed a nonvirulent strain of this organism into a virulent form (Fig. 8-12). 

More complicated TAs were found in cells of Diplococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) 15,16,19,20> and in different types of Haemophilus influenza21). 

Disease that is segmental or lobar in its distribution is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Haemophilus influenzae is a rare cause in this group, although it more often leads to exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and does cause pneumonia in patients infected with HIV. Benzyl-penicillin i.v. or amoxicillin p.o. are the treatments of choice if pneumococcal pneumonia is very likely alternatively, use erythromycin/clarithromycin in a penicillin-allergic patient. Seriously ill patients are best given benzylpenicillin (to cover the pneumococcus) plus ciprofloxacin (to cover Haemophilus and atypical pathogens). Where penicillin-resistant pneumococci are prevalent, i.v. cefotaxime is a reasonable best guess choice. 

Robertson, O.H. and Uhley, C.G. (1938). Changes occurring in the macrophage system of the lungs in pneumococcus lobar pneumonia. J. CUn. Invest. 15, 115-130. 

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