Plastic, lithium-ion battery

PLI battery (plastic lithium ion battery) A lithium ion cell which uses a polymer electrolyte. 

Pier Paolo Prossini, Rita Mancini et al., Li4Ti50i2 as anode in all-solid-state, plastic, lithium-ion batteries for low-power applications, Solid State Ionics (September 2001), pp. 185-192. 

Arora, P. et al. (2000) Comparison between computer simulations and experimental data for high-rate discharges of plastic lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources, 88 (2), 219-231. 

In recent years substantial progress has been achieved in the area of polymer electrolytes developed and designed to act as separators in plastic lithium ion batteries. Some of this progress, and particularly those related to gel-type and to liquid-swelled membranes are reported and discussed in this chapter. Another chapter of this book demonstrates the feasibility... 

Doyle et al. [35] show how the full cell-sandwich model can be used to determine maximum and minimum salt concentrations in the ceU as a function of time, position, and current density, in order to evaluate the risk of salt precipitation and the effect of salt depletion on accessible c pacity. Experiments verified the modeks prediction that salt depletion would limit accessible capacity upon high discharge rates in BeUcore-style plastic lithium-ion batteries. Figure 6 compares model predictions to experimental discharge curves at... 

Gel polymer lithium-ion batteries replace the conventional liquid electrolytes with an advanced polymer electrolyte membrane. These cells can be packed in lightweight plastic packages as they do not have any free electrolytes and they can be fabricated in any desired shape and size. They are now increasingly becoming an alternative to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, and several battery manufacturers. such as Sanyo. Sony, and Panasonic have started commercial production.Song et al. have recently reviewed the present state of gel-type polymer electrolyte technology for lithium-ion batteries. They focused on four plasticized systems, which have received particular attention from a practical viewpoint, i.e.. poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN). ° poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). - and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) based electrolytes. ... 

Abraham et al. were the first ones to propose saturating commercially available microporous polyolefin separators (e.g., Celgard) with a solution of lithium salt in a photopolymerizable monomer and a nonvolatile electrolyte solvent. The resulting batteries exhibited a low discharge rate capability due to the significant occlusion of the pores with the polymer binder and the low ionic conductivity of this plasticized electrolyte system. Dasgupta and Ja-cobs patented several variants of the process for the fabrication of bonded-electrode lithium-ion batteries, in which a microporous separator and electrode were coated with a liquid electrolyte solution, such as ethylene—propylenediene (EPDM) copolymer, and then bonded under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. This method required that the whole cell assembling process be carried out under scrupulously anhydrous conditions, which made it very difficult and expensive. 

Venugopal, G. The role of plastics in lithium ion batteries. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics, Philadelphia, PA, 1997 p 11. 

Figure 48. Schematic illustration of the structure of a PEO-LiX complex (Li X" dissolved in poly ethylene oxide193). (The relative magnitudes are not representative.) From Ref.194. (Reprinted from B. Scrosati, Lithium Ion Plastic Batteries. in Lithium Ion Batteries (M. Wakihara and O. Yamamoto eds.), VCH, Weinheim Copyright 1998 with permission from WILEY-VCH, Verlag GmbH.)...

Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a complete battery (lithium-ion battery). Several cells as the one shown in Fig. 1 are wrapped together in parallel. The schematic corresponds to a cylindrical battery. The anode, separator, and cathode materials are tightly wrapped and held together to form what is called the jelly roll (see Fig. 2(a)). The jelly roll is introduced into the container or can. The container or can should be resistant to corrosion from both inside and outside, ft should also have the required mechanical strength for the specific application [4]. The containers usually have a plastic insulator for protection of the can from the external media. 

A glance through the table of contents provides an overview of the issues commonly encountered by chemists in the automotive industry. The author discusses fuels cells, lithium ion batteries, carbon nanotubes, and nickel metal hydride technology, all of which requires the technical knowledge of a chemist but crosses the lines of various disciplines. He covers future technology including items such as battery technology, fuel cell membranes, and environmentally friendly plastics such as nylons that use castor oil as a primary component. 

Saunier, AUoin, E, Sanchez, J.-Y., Maniguet, L, 2004. Plasticized microporous PVdF separators for lithium ions batteries. Part 111 gel properties and irreversible modifications of PolyfvinyUdene fluoride) membranes under swelling in liquid electrolyte. J. Polym. Sci. Part B 42,2308-2317. 

Ha, H.J., Kil, E.H., Kwon, Y.H., Kim, J.Y., Lee, C.K., Lee, S.Y., 2012. UV-curable semi-interpenetrating polymer network-integrated, highly bendable plastic crystal composite electrolytes for shape-conformable aU-solid-state lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 6491-6499. 

During the manufacture of many polymer-containing materials, and particularly solid state lithium ion battery separators and electrodes, it is desirable to include plasticizers so that the components will be rendered porous after the plasticizer was removed. Many porous membranes and other similar porous rrraterials are produced using this method. Plasticizer is continuously reused in such processes. Plasticizers are frequently removed by extraction with suitable solvents but they rrray evaporate under low heat and low pressure conditions as described in the preserrt inverrtioa Plasticizer is removed by conductive heat transfer, forced air convection, or radiative heating, all conpled with application of the vacuum. 

On the other hand, the high conductivity of the gel electrolytes may be exploited in an effective way by directing them to the development of new-design, plastic-like batteries where the lithium metal anode is replaced by a lithium-accepting compound, such as a carbon or graphite [75]. These are the so-called rocking chair or, more commonly lithium-ion batteries [76]. Basically, these batteries operate on the cyclic transport of lithium ions from one lithium-... 

Alternative routes to obtain lithium-ion plastic batteries have considered the use of PAN-based gel-type polymer electrolytes as separators. These electrolyte membranes, although macroscopically solid, contain in their structure the active liquid electrolyte (Figure 7.7). Therefore, they have a configuration which in principle allows a single lamination process for the fabrication of the lithium-ion battery, i.e., a process that avoids intermediate liquid extraction-soaking activation steps. 

T. Ohsaki, N. Takami, M. Kanda, M. Yamamoto, Stud. Surf. Sci. Gated. 2001, 132,925-928. High performance thin lithium-ion battery using an aluminum-plastic laminated film bag. 

Masuda Y, Seki M, Nakayama M, Wakihara M, Mita H (2(X)6) Study on ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte plasticized with PEG-aluminate ester for rechargeable lithium ion battery. Solid State Ion 117(9-10) 843-846... 

Zhao K et al (2011) Lithium-assisted plastic deformation of silicon electrodes in lithium-ion batteries a first-principles theoretical study. Nano Lett 11 2962-2967... 

PAN has a wide electrochemical window of up to 4.5 V when used as the matrix for polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. However, its ionic conductivity is not high so that little research has been done on its all-solid polymer electrolytes. It is generally plasticized with organic electrolyte to form gel polymer electrolytes, which will be discussed in Section 11.2. 

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