Liquid intermediates

A distinction between a solid and liquid is often made in terms of the presence of a crystalline or noncrystalline state. Crystals have definite lines of cleavage and an orderly geometric structure. Thus, diamond is crystalline and solid, while glass is not. The hardness of the substance does not determine the physical state. Soft crystals such as sodium metal, naphthalene, and ice are solid while supercooled glycerine or supercooled quartz are not crystalline and are better considered to be supercooled liquids. Intermediate between the solid and liquid are liquid crystals, which have orderly structures in one or two dimensions,4 but not all three. These demonstrate that science is never as simple as we try to make it through our classification schemes. We will see that thermodynamics handles such exceptions with ease. 

The liquid intermediates used are either water solutions of various concentrations such as salts (e.g. calcium chloride, sodium chloride), glycols (e.g. ethylene glycol, propylene glycol) and alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol), or pure substances such as acetone, methanol and ethanol. 

Attempts to effect fluorination of tetrakis(trichlorophosphine)nickel-(0) using benzoylfluoride as a fluorinating agent were also successful, tetrakis (trifluorophosphine) nickel-(0) and partially fluorinated liquid intermediates being isolated (23). The eutectic mixture potassium fluoride-hydrogen fluoride of the composition KF.3HF, on the other hand, showed no interaction with tetrakis (trichlorophosphine) nickel-(0) up to the decomposition temperature of the latter. 

Phenolic Resins. Phenolic resins [9003-354] (qv) are thermosets prepared by the reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, through either the base-catalyzed one-stage or the acid-catalyzed two-stage process. The liquid intermediate may be used as an adhesive and bonding resin for plywood, particle board, fiberboard, insulation, and cores for laminates. The physical properties for typical phenolic laminates made with wood are listed in Table 1. 

Back-mixing of liquid intermediate to ideally mixed close to plug flow at high liquid rates... 

One of the primary differences between CVD (or in the case of polymers, commonly referred to, as chemical vapor polymerization or CVP) and other conventional deposition techniques, particularly for polymer thin films, is that CVD is a dry process. There is no liquid intermediate between the gas phase reactants and the resultant solid thin film and thus, problems due to surface tension such as pulling away from the corners, sharp edges etc, are not present. Additionally, CVD enables deposition of uniform thin films in recesses, holes and other difficult three dimensional configurations unlike solution based techniques which are limited to planar substrates. In the terminology of thin film device fabrication, CVD films have excellent gap-filling and step coverage characteristics. 

Use (Liquid) Intermediate in furfuryl production, animal feeds (dried) binder in refractory bricks, tackifier in adhesives. 

Petroleum develop and produce crude oil and natural gas as well as processing natural gas to recover high-value liquids, intermediates for making petrochemicals, lubricants, and petroleum coke... 

Details A colourless liquid, intermediate in the production of rubber. 

Viscous, pale yellow liquid intermediate in properties between alcohol and ammonia slightly ammoniacal odor excellent penetrating properties forms soaps with fatty acids hygroscopic. Commercial product contains 70-75% triethanolamine,... 

Unsaturated polyester resins are classified as thermosets. The producer supplies a reactive, liquid intermediate to the customer. This is different from the market for thermoplastics where a ready made pol5mier is delivered. The liquid intermediate is transferred into the final product at the customer site by curing it with hardeners or catalysts. 

Fraser, K.J., Izgorodina, E.I., Forsyth, M., Scott, J.L. and MacFarlane, D.R., Liquids intermediate between molecular and ionic liquids liquid ion pairs Chem. Commun. 37, 3817-3819 (2007). 

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