Plastic classification systems

Classification System for Automotive Acetal (POM) Plastics. Classification System for Automotive Polycarbonate Plastics. Classification System for Automotive Polyethylene Plastics. Classification System for Automotive Poly(Phenylene ether) (PPE)... 

Fig. 7. Coal classification system according to Hofmann where A = Eu plastic B = plastic C = Per plastic and D = Fluido plastic.

Silt and clay are fine-grained soils in which individual particle size cannot be readily distinguished with the unaided eye. Some classification systems distinguish these particles by size, other systems use plasticity to classify these particles. 

Clay, in one particle classification system, consists of inorganic particles less than 0.005 mm in size. In another system, clay is a fine-grained inorganic. soil that can be made plastic by adjusting the water content. When dried, clay exhibits considerable strength (i.e., clay loses its plasticity when dried and its strength when wetted). Also, it will shrink when dried and expand when moisture is added. 

ISO 4433-4 1997 Thermoplastics pipes - Resistance to liquid chemicals - Classification -Part 4 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) pipes ISO 9393-2 1997 Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2 Test conditions and basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves ISO 10931-1 1997 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) - Part 1 General... 

The automotive and aerospace industries employ rigid classification systems to describe all the ingredients in the product and key performance requirements. They are defined in ASTM D2000 for rubbers and D4000 for plastics. 

ASTM D 4673 Standard Classification System for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastics and Alloys Molding and Extrusion Materials ... 

Azo dyes are classified according to a color index system based on usage and chemical constituents. These are subdivided into monoazo, disazo, trisazo, and polyazo derivatives with a specific assigned range of color index number. Another classification system involves dividing dyes into dyeing classes such as acid, basic, disperse, direct, mordant, and reactive dyes. Azo compounds are used extensively as dyes to color varnishes, paper, fabrics, inks, paints, plastics, and cosmetics. They are used in color photography. 

The Shore A scale, or as it is sometimes called, durometer hardness, enjoys considerable success in North America and in particular is widely accepted by the automotive industry the scale is an integral part of the classification system for elastomeric materials used in automotive applications (ASTM D2000). Shore hardness has also become the industry standard for the rapidly growing thermoplastic rubber sector, where advantage can be taken of the complementary Shore D scale for harder grades and for rubber-modified plastics. Seven Shore scales are described in ASTM D2240, while Shore A and D hardness are also detailed in the international standard for pocket hardness meters. ISO 7619 (BS903. Part A57). The latter also specifies a pocket meter based on the IRHD scale. 

ASTM D1430-00 Standard Classification System for Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Plastics... 

ASTM D4000-01ae Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials... 

Another classification system is based on the mode of action of the additive. A plasticizing additive produces plasticized polymers irrespective of whether the additive is of low or high molar mass. Some additives work in a reinforcing manner, although the reinforced property should always be stated. For example, the tensile strength, the impact strength, or the resistance to cold flow may be improved. Since such a classification is based on the mode of action and not on the structure, block and graft polymers are sometimes classified as blends and composites. Such polymers can exist in several phases, but they are not physical mixtures. 

The Atterberg limits and plasticity index are used in several engineering classification systems to characterise the fine-grained fractions of soils and to specify the fine-grained fraction of construction materials. They are also used to correlate with compressibility, permeability, compactibility, shrinkage and shear strength. 

The European soil classification system distinguishes very coarse materials (boulders and cobbles) as those in which most particles are retained on a 63 mm sieve, coarse materials (gravels and sands) as those in which most particles are retained on a 0.063 mm sieve and fine soil materials as those with low plasticity and are dilatant (silts) or those that are plastic and non-dilatant (clays). 

Figure 1.5 Plasticity index (PI) graph with liquid limit (LL). (Reprinted from ASTM D 2487, Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes [Unified Soil Classification System], West Conshohocken, PA ASTM International, 2011. With permission [ ASTM International].)...

Figure 14.16. Diagram of a cyclone-type air classification system. Source MBA Polymers, Inc. for the American Plastics Council.

SAE J1639, Classification System for Automotive Polyamide (PA) Plastics. ... 

D4000 Classification system for specifying plastic materials... 

For SMI, Project 1 includes carrying out identification and characterisation laboratory tests on soil samples and deriving the main physical properties of, for example. Soils 1 and 2 (Figure 1). The calculations are done using spreadsheets and include relationships between soil properties, in order to students to become more familiarised with them. Those results are also used to classify the soil samples using three different systems (Unified Classification system, AASHTO and LCPC-SETRA). Students have to prepare spreadsheets which, besides the calculation of the main physical properties, include, for example, the implementation of the plasticity chart of the Unified Classification system for soils. 

The furnace process involves spray injection of a low end fraction of crude oil into a heated chamber. The temperature, shape of the iujectors of the oil, rate of injection, shape of the reactor, and other factors are controlled to produce carbon black fillers of different particle sizes and structures. The particle size and structure control and the reinforcing character of carbon black are the bases of their classification system (Table 8). There are approximately 30 common grades of carbon black used iu the rubber iudustiy. There are also numerous specialty grades produced for use in plastics, conductive applications, and proprietary grades produced for use in tires and other special-purpose products (14). 

Table 6-27 provides a basic outline that identifies the D 4000 line callouts (specifications). The classification system and its subsequent line callouts is intended to be a means of identifying plastic materials used to fabricate end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection should be made after careful consideration of the design and performance required of the part, the environment to which it will be... 

On the basis of a breakdown that has appeared previously in the specialist literature [2], we have adopted a classification system for HR that relates to the method of plastic delivery - direct gating and gating via a distribution system (indirect gating). A view of the basic applications of HR in which this classification principle is applied is shown in Figures 1.3 and 1.4. 

Since plastic materials are seldom supplied without the addition of certain additives and fillers, a classification system must be used to avoid confusion. For example, the specification for acetal materials covers three main types of acetal resins homopolymer, copolymer, and terpolyerm. The resin types are subdivided into classes according to the grade descriptions. The group 1, class 1 represents general-purpose homopolymer acetal resin, and group 2, class 3 represents impact modified copolymer acetal resin. Table 1-1 lists the detailed requirements for acetal materials. 

In Chapter I the basic concepts of testing are discussed along with the purpose of specifications and standards. Also discussed is the basic specification format and classification system. The subsequent chapters deal with the testing of five basic properties mechanical, thermal, electrical, weathering, and optical properties of plastics. The chapter on mechanical properties discusses in detail the basic stress-strain behavior of the plastic materials so that a clear understanding of testing procedures is obtained. Chapter 7 on... 

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