Plasmodium malariae infection

The total dose of chloroquine base over 3 days should be approximately 25 mg/kg base. This is sufficient for Plasmodium malariae infection but, for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale eradication of the hepatic parasites is necessary to prevent relapse, by giving ... 

However, the earliest written documentation on malaria can be found in the legendary Canon of Medicine , TheYellow Emperor s Inner Classic (Huangdi Neijing), dating from 2698 to 2598 BC. This book describes epidemics, characterised by febrile paroxysms (fever attacks occurring in flushes) in conjunction with enlarged spleen, which can be interpreted as Plasmodium vivax- or Plasmodium malariae-infections (Fig. 5.165). [416, 417]... 

Acute Plasmodium malariae infection has been reported as a complication of glucocorticoid treatment for membranoproli-ferative glomerulonephritis in a patient from an area where P. malariae infection is not endemic [23 ]. 

To KK, Teng JL, Wong SS, Ngan AH, Yuen KY, Woo PC. Complication of corticosteroid treatment by acute Plasmodium malariae infection confirmed by small-subunit rRNA sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2010 48(11) 4313-6. 

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, one of the few species of the insect capable of carrying the human malaria parasite. The responsible protozoa ate from the genus P/asmodium of which only four of some 100 species can cause the disease in humans. The remaining species affect rodents, reptiles, monkeys, birds, and Hvestock. The species that infect humans are P/asmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Note that concomitant multiple malaria infections are commonly seen in endemic areas, a phenomenon that further compHcates choice of treatment. 

Plasmodium vivax, responsible for the most prevalent form of malaria (benign tertian), has an incubation period of 8—27 days (14 average). A variety seen in northern and northeastern Europe has an incubation period as long as 8—10 months. The disease can cause splenic mpture and anemia. Relapses (renewed manifestations of erythrocytic infection) can occur with this type of malaria. Overall, P. vivax is stiU susceptible to chloroquine however, resistant strains have been reported from Papua New Guinea and parts of Indonesia. Plasmodium malariae the cause of quartan malaria, has an incubation period of 15—30 days and its asexual cycle is 72 hours. This mildest form of malaria can cause nephritis in addition to the usual symptoms. It is a nonrelapsing type of malaria but the ted blood ceU infection can last for many years. No resistance to chloroquine by this plasmodium has been reported. Plasmodium ovale responsible for ovale tertian malaria, has an incubation period of 9—17 days (15 average). Relapses can occur in people infected with this plasmodium. No chloroquine resistance has been reported for this parasite. 

Iron(n) is known to decompose hydrogen and dialkyl peroxides to free radicals by reductive cleavage of the 0—0 bond and early investigations established the parasite s sensitivity to these species. When treated with radiolabelled C-artemisinin, the hemin-hemozoin fraction of the lysed malaria-infected erythrocytes was shown to contain a radiolabel, though the mechanism of incorporation is not clear. Meshnick and coworkers demonstrated that uninfected cells did not contain radiolabelled proteins whereas six radiolabelled proteins were isolated from cells infected with the Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) strain of the parasite. It was suspected that one of the alkylated proteins was the Histidine Rich Protein (HRP) that was known to bind multiple heme monomers and therefore thought to be instrumental to the parasite s detoxification process. Moreover, iron chelators were found to inhibit the lethal effects of peroxides on the parasite. ... 

The malarial parasite is a single-cell protozoan (plas-modium). Although more than 100 species of plasmodia have been identified, only four are capable of infecting humans Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. falciparum) the rest attack a variety of animal hosts. P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria are the two most common forms. 

Patients who have blood transfusion malaria are infected with the asexual erythrocytic parasites only exoerythrocytic tissue forms apparently do not develop. Plasmodium malariae has been known to produce an infection after transfusion, even when the blood was obtained from a person whose only contact with malaria was 40 years previous to the donation of blood. 

Malaria is a disease caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. Of the Plasmodium species, P. falciparum is the most dangerous, responsible for the vast majority of malaria infections and deaths. Roughly two million people die every year from malaria [27],... 

Four principal species from the genus Plasmodium cause natural human infection Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum is the most lethal as it causes approximately 90% of malaria-related deaths (1). An additional species, Plasmodium knowlesi, which generally infects macaques, has also been shown increasingly to infect humans as well (4). As more sophisticated diagnostic tests are now able to easily distinguish one species of Plasmodium from another, it is thought that infection with P. knowlesi has heretofore been underreported because this species morphologically resembles other Plasmodium species in blood smears (5). 

Perch M, Kofoed P, Fischer TK, Co F, Rombo L, Aaby P, et al. Serum levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with parasitemia in children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. Parasite Immunol 2004 26(5) 207-211. 

Plasmodium malaria—produces typical malaria symptoms but can persist in the blood for very long periods (decades) while remaining asymptomatic, it can infect others via blood transfusions or mosquito bites. 

Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SH, Simon MM, et al Role of Macrophages in Malaria 02 Metabolite Production and Phagocytosis by Splenic Macrophages During Lethal Plasmodium berghei and Self-limiting Plasmodium yoelii Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun. 1984 44(3) 7434. 

MALARIA is a disease mostly in tropical areas, where it is a major medical problem. Malaria is caused by a parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and is transferred when an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles bites a person and Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood, where they first reach the liver and develop into merozoites over a period of 5-7 days without giving any symptoms. Then the immature merozoites penetrate the red blood corpuscles, where they divide asexually to form merozoites. When this process is complete, the blood corpuscles rupture and the merozoites enter the blood plasma. The rupture of the erythrocyte membrane provokes a fever, which occurs every second day after infection with Plasmodium vivax, every third after infection with Plasmodium malaria after infection with the severe Plasmodium falciparum fever is more irregular, because the parasites of this species do not develop simultaneously. 

Owais, M., Varshney, G. C., Choudhury, A., Chandra, S., and Gupta, C. M. (1995) Chloroquine encapsulated in malaria-infected erythrocytes-specific antibodybearing liposomes effectively controls chloroquinc-rcsistan t Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39,180-184. 

Genrich GL, Guarner J, Paddock CD, et al. Fatal malaria infection in travelers Novel immunohistochemical assays for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum in tissues and implications for pathogenesis. Am J Trap Med Hyg. 2007 76 251-259. 

Joseph and Judith Ilan (then at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and now at Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, Ohio) were attracted to work on malaria parasites because of their biochemical expertise, the availability of funding from the United States Army and the fact that Judith s father was the eminent Israeli parasitologist Saul Adler. They based their contention on the following observations after injecting Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with NaH32P04 the... 

Most of the work on membrane transport with malaria parasites prior to 1990 concerned itself with studies of bird, murine and monkey plasmodia (Plasmodium lophurae, P. berghei and P. knowlesi) and this was summarized some 20 years ago (Sherman, 1979,1988). With the successful in vitro culture of P. falciparum, membrane-transport phenomena of malaria-infected red cells and free parasites have concerned themselves principally with this species and this too has been the subject of periodic review (e.g. see Kirk s tour de force, 2001). 

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