Plant mutagenicity

Chronic toxicity Mammalian systems Carcinogenicity Neurotoxicity De ve 1 opm e nta l/rep rod u cti ve toxicity Aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates Plants Mutagenicity, increased tumours Reproduction and growth Cancer slope factors Reference doses, and so on IC50, EC50... 

Monarca, S. Feretti, D. Zerbini, I. Alberti, A. Zani, C. Resola, S. Gelatti, U. Nardi, G. 2002. Soil contamination detected using bacterial and plant mutagenicity testes and chemicals analyses. Environmental Research Section, v.88, p.64-69. 

Upper LEVEL 1 Chronic toxicity Toxicity in soil and plants Additional mutagenicity Long-term toxicity Bioaccumulation Inherent biodegradability Additional abiotic degradability 100 t/annum or 500 t cumulative... 

MacGregor, J. T. Jurd, L. Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 1978, 54, 297-309. 

The plant is known elaborate a series of quite unusual phenanthrene alkaloid derivatives, of which aristoliukine-C, aristofolin A and E, aristolochic acid-la methyl ester, and aristolochic acid. Other chemical constituents found in this plant are flavonoid glycosides such as kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (3,4). Exposure to Aristolochiaceae family is associated with the development of cancer in humans. A significant advance is the toxicological effects of aristolochic acid has been provided by the work of Pezzuto et al. They showed that aristolochic acid is a mutagen... 

The objective of this paper was to investigate the anticlastogenic and antitoxic effects exerted by HS of various origin and nature on several monocotyledon and dicotyledon herbaceous plant species treated with different mutagenic and phytotoxic compounds. 

Humic Substances, Mutagenic Compounds and Plant Species Used... 

Eleven plant species (Table 3) were preliminarly tested for their response to the Feulgen staining method (described below), which is essential for the efficient microscope observation of genetic anomalies of cells. This, in order to select plants to be successively used in the experiments with the mutagenic compounds. 

Only four plant species, i.e., Vicia faba, Allium cepa, Pisum sativum and Triticum turgidum, responded adequately to the Feulgen procedure, and were considered for use in the successive experiments. These species, together with the corresponding mutagenic compounds used and the mutagenicity tests adopted (see below in Sect. 2.4.) are listed in Table 4. 

Table 4. Plant species positive to the Feulgen method, mutagenicity coumpounds used and mutagenic tests applied ...

Plant species Mutagenic compound Mutagenicity test... 

Some HS samples were also tested, either alone or in combination with some mutagenic compounds, for their possible antitoxic effect on the seedlings of some plant species. In particular (a) the sample ASHA at a concentration of 10 or 100 mg L-1, alone or in combination with 1 or 10 mg L 1 of ALA, was tested on T. turgidum and (b) samples SHHA, PHA, PFA, LHA, SHA and SFA at concentrations of 20 or 200 mg L-1, alone or in combination with 10 mg L 1 MH, were tested on V. faba. The antitoxic effect was evaluated by measuring some biometrical parameters such as... 

Among the mutagens tested on each plant species (Table 4), those that produced evident clastogenic alterations were (a) MH on V faba, A. cepa, P. sativum, and T. turgidum, (b) COL on V. faba and A. cepa, and (c) ALA on T. turgidum. The effects measured for MH and ALA on T. turgidum, and for 2,4-D and GLY on V faba and A. cepa, were not statistically significant, thus the related data will not be considered further in this section. 

Grant WF (1994) The present status of higher plant bioassays for the detection of environmental mutagens. Mutat Res 310 175-185 Grant WF, Owens ET (2001) Chromosome aberrations in Pisum for the study of environmental mutagens. Mutat Res 488 93-118 Kalweit S, Utesch D, von der Hude W, Madle S (1999) Chemically induced micronucleus formation in V79 cells-comparison of three different test approaches. Mutat Res 439 183-190... 

Numerous and disparate copper criteria are proposed for protecting the health of agricultural crops, aquatic life, terrestrial invertebrates, poultry, laboratory white rats, and humans (Table 3.8) however, no copper criteria are now available for protection of avian and mammalian wildlife, and this needs to be rectified. Several of the proposed criteria do not adequately protect sensitive species of plants and animals and need to be reexamined. Other research areas that merit additional effort include biomarkers of early copper stress copper interactions with interrelated trace elements in cases of deficiency and excess copper status effects on disease resistance, cancer, mutagenicity, and birth defects mechanisms of copper tolerance or acclimatization and chemical speciation of copper, including measurement of flux rates of ionic copper from metallic copper. 

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