Plant germ

Commercial plant germ oils are mainly obtained from cereal grains, such as corn, wheat, and rice. In most cases, the endosperm of the grain is the part of interest for the industrial use of cereals. Starch and proteins are the major components of the endosperm. Endosperm represents 75-85% of the grain and protects the embryo, which is also referred to as germ. 

Several reviews have been pubhshed on wheat (1,2) com (3-7), and rice bran oils (8-10) over the years. Therefore, this chapter, with sufficient background information, will emphasize the latest literature on composition, nutritional characteristics, and processing methods of plant germ oils. 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Samen-haar, n. (Bot.) seed hair, coma, -hefe, /. seed yeaat. -keim, m. germ, embryo, -kem, m. seed kernel (Bot.) endosperm Physiol.) spermatic nucleus, -lappen, m. seed lobe, cotyledon, -ol, n. seed oil. -pflan-zen, /.pi. seed plants, Spermatophyta. -probe, /. seed test or sample, -saift, m. seminal fluid, -staub, m. pollen, -tierchen, n. sp< rmatozoon. -zelle, /. seminal cell, spertpatozoon. -zucker, m. quercitol, quer-cite. ... 

Milk, milk products, and foods of animal origin contain high amounts of (free) riboflavin with good bioavailability. In foods of plant origin, the majority of riboflavin is protein-bound and therefore less bioavail-able. Cereal germs and bran are plant sources rich in riboflavin [1]. 

SRB contains high-quality protein, oil, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, fat-soluble phytochemicals (plant derived bioactive compounds) and other bran nutrients. Rice bran and germ are the richest natural sources of B complex vitamins as well as E vitamins, polyphenols, several antioxidants and minerals. It is now available in the commercial food ingredient market as a safe and effective functional food and dietary supplement. 

Pterins make no contributions to the colors of plants and microorganisms. One important pterin is the folate produced by plants and microorganisms. Folate and its derivatives are present in plants in various concentrations in mitochondria, cytosols, vacuoles, and plastids. The total amount of fohc acid depends on the plant species, on the developmental stage, and on external factors. Good sources of folates are beans, lentils, spinach, and wheat germ. ... 

E7 Extraction in the presence of large amounts of fat Plant and animal fats with low water content, if the Umit of determination is not sufficient with E6, and dry food with a fat content exceeding 2.5 g/100 g Edible fats and oUs, wheat and rye germs, oats, nuts, oUseed... 

LGT is not expected to be common among or play the same role in the evolution of multicellular plants and animals, especially those with sequestered germ lines, and there simply is no extensive data on LGT in unicellular eukaryotes. 

Stable expression of the recombinant protein is another pre-requisite. For production in CHO cell culture, narrow specifications of expression level are requested by the FDA. Consequently, plant-derived proteins need to be produced according to a defined scheme and within defined specifications in order to generate material suitable for clinical trials. Therefore, the expression level must be maintained within a defined range. For example, Prodigene Inc. assessed whether the E. coli Lt-B protein was uniformly distributed throughout the defatted maize germ by analyzing samples... 

Gabor, F., Klausegger, U., Wirth, M., The interaction between wheat germ agglutinin and other plant lectins with prostate cancer cells Du-145. Int J Pharm 221, 35—47 (2001). 

Cassel-Beraud AM, Le Jan J, Mouden JC, Andriantsoa M, Andriantsiferana R. (1991) Preliminary study of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in tananarive, madagascar and the antibacterial activity in vitro of 13 malagasy medicinal plants on this germ. Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar 59 9-23. 

Vitamin E (tocopherol) and related compounds only occur in plants (e.g., wheat germ). They contain what is known as a chro-man ring. In the lipid phase, vitamin E is mainly located in biological membranes, where as an antioxidant it protects unsaturated lipids against ROS (see p. 284) and other radicals. 

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