Plant cell culture carbon source

Although plant cell culture is not as cost effective as plant cultivation in the open field, it will become an economical process if higher protein yields can be achieved [58]. The cultivation medium of plants is chemically defined, consisting of a carbon source, minerals, vitamins and phytohormones [69]. Furthermore, it is protein-free and relatively inexpensive. In contrast, animal cells often require complex supplements such as fetal calf serum and/or expensive growth factors, although serum-free cultivation is possible in case of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [70]. 

The disadvantages are low yields of the product and high costs of the process. The production of flavour compounds using plant cell cultures offers a process which uses a sustainable carbon source, sucrose, which is the major component of the medium. Production using this method may be used to supply only part of the material required, taking pressure off the wild stocks of the plant. However, if plant cell cultures are to be used on an industrial scale a number of conditions need to be achieved ... 

Carbohydrate source Usually sucrose to replace the carbon which the plant normally fixes from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, since most plant cell culture lacks photosynthetic capability. 

Carbon dioxide is, of course, fundamentally important to plants because of photosynthesis. Most plant cell cultures are heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic and use a chemical energy source. It is reasonable to suspect, however, that some of the control mechanisms for the photosynthetic dark reactions would be regulated by C02 concentration. This could affect both cell growth and, indirectly, production of useful compounds. More concretely, C02 is known to promote synthesis of ethylene [38] on the other hand, C02 concentrations of 5-10% inhibit many ethylene effects [53]. 

Animal cell culture systems all require at least two substrates as carbon and/or nitrogen sources, and electron donors [1] and usually require more [2], as illustrated by reference [3]. Higher plant cell culture systems are equally complex [4]. This complicates efforts to understand what is the source of energy that enters into... 

Degradation of nitroesters by Rheum palmatum tissue culture proceeded along the pathway shown in Figures 3 and 4. The concentration of GTN was decreased to 39 % of the initial concentration of 50 mg/E within ten days, while the same concentration of PETN was totally transformed. Vanek et al. 2003). From the analysis of products and stoichiometry of both processes, glycerol and pentaerythritol were formed as end products, which can eventually be used by plant cells as a carbon source (Maestri etal. 1991). 

Maestri, E., Restivo, F. M., Gulli, M., and Tassi, F., 1991, Glutamate-dehydrogenase regulation in callus-cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia - effect of glucose feeding and carbon source starvation on the isoenzymatic pattern, Plant Cell Environ., 14 613-618. 

Carbon source was found to be a significant factor in plant cell metabolism [34 - 39], which affected the accumulation of alkaloids by suspension cultures of Holarrhena antidysenterica [36], of anthocyanins by Vitis vinifera cell suspen-... 

Plant oils or their derived fatty acids are inexpensive renewable carbon sources. In addition, the theoretical yield coefficient of bioproducts (PHA) from plant oil and fatty acid is considerably higher than that from sugars. High cell density fed-batch cultures produced value-added products from soybean oil or oleic acid as the carbon source. PHAs with high yield were produced by fed-batch culture of R. eutropha or its recombinant strain from soybean oil. High cell concentrations obtained by fed-batch cultures from oleic acid improved lipase activity by C. cylindracea and 10-KSA by Flavobacterium, sp. DS5, compared with those of flask cultures. There are still many industrially important value-added products that can be produced from inexpensive substrates such as soybean oil. 

Nigra, H. M., A., A. M. and Giulietti, A. M. (1990) Effect of carbon and nitrogen source on growth and solasodine production in batch suspension cultures of Solamim eleagnifolium Cav. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 21, 55-60. 

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