Culture Sources

Most enzymes of industrial importance developed in the past have been derived from species that are GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe). These include bacterial species for Bacillus and Lactobacillus, and Pseudomonas and fungi from the Ascomycota andZygomycota classes [21]. 

A partial listing including web addresses of some of the largest culture sources are given in Table 2, and many of these have links to most of the other available strain collections. Some of these include the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. 

Access to a good proprietary collection of enzymes is also extremely helpful for finding an enzyme, especially if those collections have been logically assembled for applications of interest. If one knows which type of enzyme one is screening for, cultures can often be enriched for particular enzyme activities by standard methods [22]. 

DSMZ German Collection of Microorg. and Cell Cultures Microbial Information Network of China MSDN Microbial Strain Data Network World Data Center for Microorganisms (Japan) 

ATCC American Type Culture Collection www.atcc.org 

DSMZ German Collection of Microorg. and Cell Cultures www.gbf.de/DSMZ 

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Fig. 4. Example of antibody purification from animal or culture sources. In some cases, affinity chromatography may be used directly with the source...

Toxins are any poisonous substances that can be produced by an animal, plant, or microbe. Because of their complexity, most toxins are difficult to synthesize in large quantities by traditional chemical means. However, they may be harvested from cultured sources or produced by genetically engineered microbes. Toxins are odorless, tasteless, and nonvolatile. Ricin (C16-A036) and saxitoxin (C16-A018) are the only toxins listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention (Schedule 1). 

Similar information is needed for the preparation, isolation and purification of antibiotics and other drug substances isolated from microbial or cell culture sources. The components of the fermentation media should be defined and specifications established, including, if applicable, a defined degree of purity. The role of each ingredient, if known, should be stated. 

In definition, herbal remedies used as medicines may be traditionally or serendipitously derived, varying in formulation, preparation, and standardization, sometimes unreliable as to plant identification or to chemical composition, and depending on their cultural source, infrequently validated, in conventional ways, as to efficacy or safety. They may be prescribed by a healer of experience and training or of questionable skill, or they may be used in self-medication. As exemplified in American and African indigenous populations, prayers, mantras, or other forms of healing ceremonies may be used as an adjunct to phytotherapy. The applications of energy medicine to potentiate the curative process are still poorly understood (Elvin-Lewis, 2003, 2004). 

Culture sources International Culture Banks Source of new, undiscovered Need to clone for optimal... 

Bacterial culture Source of enrichment Growth substrates Refs. 

The program resulted in discovering several previously unreported sites of mercury contamination associated with natural deposits such as mercury mines and hot spring areas, and cultural sources such as chemical plants, sewage treatment plants, and sanitary land fills. Some plume dispersal patterns were over residential and populated business areas. 

Figure 7 illustrates the variation in mercury peak levels around the cultural sources. These numbers reflect dispersal parameters such as wind velocity as well as the magnitude of the source. 

Figure 7. Peak mercury vapor levels near cultural sources. I, San Francisco 2, Oakland 3,...

Alkaloid Plant source Price (DM/gram) Production by cell cultures Source Yield ... 

Although cyanobacteria are culturable sources of bioactive compounds, no practical production of cyanobacteria by either culture or genetical expression has yet been conducted. Solution of this issue will open the next stage of cyanobacterial research. 

Three Levels of Culture. Source Adapted from Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and... 

Photolabile acrylate monomer and bifunctional cross-linker photodegradable hydrogels synthesized by free-radical polymerization of the PEG macromers, which are used as photolabile 3D substrates for dynamic cell culture. (Source Adapted with permission from Reference [109a].)... 

Broadband spectral levels fall also with increasing borehole depth, but narrow spectral lines due to cultural sources and or waveguide trapping may show less depth dependence. This may result in very different noise decay and signal-to-noise ratio behavior with depth (see section Installations in Subsurface Mines, Tunnels, and Boreholes ). 

Microalgae use carbon dioxide (CO ) during photosynthesis (Schenk et al., 2008). To prevent an uptake limitation, CO must be supplied in sufficient amounts, O.lSkPa in the case of photobioreactors (Schenk et al., 2008). For cultivation, approximately 1.83 g of CO is required per gram of microalgae produced (Chisti, 2007). The gas can also be used to regulate pH in the culture. Sources for CO include an air- and CO -enriched mixture or flue gas. 

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