Size of farms

As to the size of farms, the 1964 census shows the average farm was about 350 acres. Recent studies in California, as reported in the San Francisco Chronicle, concluded that 640 acres is more realistic as an efficient and competitive enterprise. However, in certain crop areas such as the Imperial Valley of California, up to 1,500-2,000 acres are needed and in the Palouse area of Eastern Washington, 1,600 acres are considered the best size for wheat and pea farms (14). 

Gruchow et al. (1981) Am Rev Respir Dis 1400 HEF DD Mf,1V,Af, Sv, Tc, Ts, HE Of HEF, 10% have precipitins not all FLD patients are positive. Rainfall, crop type and tobacco composition decrease the level of precipitins. Conversely, precipitin levels enhanced by size of farm, number of cattle and hay volume... 

In the wood rosin process, rosin is isolated from aged pine stumps that have been left in fields cleared for farming or lumbering operations. The stumps are cut and shredded to pieces the size of matchsticks. The wood chips are then extracted with an appropriate solvent, eg, aUphatic or aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons or ketones. The extract is fractionally separated into nonvolatile cmde rosin, volatile extractibles, and recovered solvent. The dark rosin is usually refined further to lighter-colored products using selective solvents or absorption. 

To handle a peak cooling load with a reduced size of refrigeration plant, typically to make ice over a period of several hours and then use ice water for the cooling of a batch of warm milk on a dairy farm. This is also used at main creameries, to reduce peak electricity loads. The available water is very close to freezing point, which is the ideal temperature for milk cooling. 

The use of recombinant bST does not reduce GHG emissions but increases milk production so that the calculated emissions/unit of milk produced is reduced (Baumann, 1992). Capper et ah (2008) evaluated the environmental impact of using bST in a conventional dairying system and reported reductions in CH4 emissions of 8.3%. 15.2% of the total of small (<100 cows), medium (100 < cows < 500), and large farm operations (cows > 500) surveyed in the United States used bST on 17.2% of the cows (USDA, 2007). The use of bST increased with the size of the operation, with 9.1% of small farms using bST and 42.7% of large farms reporting use of bST. 

For this reason, process-based whole-farm simulators have been developed. The simulators comprise modules containing semiempirical equations and mechanistic models that account for soil type, crops grovm, climate, herd size, manure handling, and other factors for a variety of farms as well as modules that calculate GHG emissions, other types of... 

The duration of sampling and size of biological samples used to monitor pesticide exposure in farm workers... 

Since 1992, more commercial wind farms have been installed than ever before with 40,000 turbines in 40 countries. Wind energy capacity is growing at almost 30% annually. By 1998, it reached 10,000 megawatts (MW), which can supply a country the size of Denmark and the wind power industry had sales of 2 billion with 35,000 jobs worldwide. The prime movers were an increasing environmental awareness and commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions made under the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. 

Solids can be separated on the basis of their particle size. When crushing and grinding equipment is used, a determination of the distribution of the various particle sizes is important in evaluating the performance of the equipment. The size of particles in soil gives an indication of the porosity and the ability for the soil to hold moisture and nutrients. It affects manufacturing processes and the formulation of products. The size of particles in dry feed for farm animals, such as swine, is related to its nutritional value. Many times the size of particles in a process may be specified in a standard method, such as the USP or FDA. 

The average size of the farms is 600 head, 48% of the pig population is contained in farms with more than 1000 head, the vast size of which along with the dense concentration of these farms in the area heighten the problem of manure disposal. 

Papers indicated that efficiently ran systems could control odours, The most efficient utilisation of biogas was as a fuel for domestic and industrial hot water. The economics of the system were dependent on the size of the plant. Experience in the Netherlands indicated that small plants ran at a loss as far as returns from biogas are concerned. Utilisation of the biogas to obtain maximum benefit is difficult to achieve on most livestock farms. 

Overfishing has seen an escalation to the point that many fisheries have been closed because of lack of profit (ludicello 1999). On the other hand, marine ferming causes eutrophication and pollution ofthe waters. In many tropical areas, shrimp farming is also deleterious to the mangrove forest, which has been destroyed to make space for the farms. The size of the problem is made clear by a ban in India and Honduras to shrimp farming along the coasts. 

The farm gate value of the opium harvest amounted to US 0.76 billion, or 11 per cent of licit GDP, in 2006. The total potential value of Afghanistan s 2006 opium harvest accruing to farmers, laboratory owners and Afghan traffickers reached about US 3.1 billion. This is almost half the size of the country s licit GDP of US 6.7 billion, or 32 per cent of the overall economy (including the opium sector). 

A breakdown of rural communities has taken place in the Nordic region. In Finland, for example, in their TOO-hectare loneliness , the remaining farm families now run their mechanised farms in an industrial mode. As recently as 20 years ago, there were rural communities with an average farm size of 10 ha. With fewer farms and a reduced rural population, there is loss of infrastructure and services for those who remain, further accelerating the move to urban areas. The overall situation adds external cost to the farming and food sectors, but often the cost is borne by society in the form of subsidies from the federal government or the EU, or they are passed on to future generations. 

---