Pipelines installation

In buried pipeline installations, avoid contact of piping with structures of dissimilar metals. Also, where possible, specify uniform quality, grade and surface conditions. Various quality sections should not be welded together in buried installations. 

Groundbeds remote from the structure can be considered but usually with this type of installation problems arise due to damage to the connecting cable by ships anchors, etc. The calculation of rectifier voltage/anode resistance is exactly as described for impressed current pipeline installations except that the voltage required is very small because of the low resistance of the electrolyte—normally 20-3612 cm for typical sea-water. 

Unlike the orifice or nozzle, the pipeline maintains the area of flow constant and equal to its cross-sectional area. There is no possibility therefore of the gas expanding laterally. Supersonic flow conditions can be reached in pipeline installations in a manner similar to that encountered in flow through a nozzle, but not within the pipe itself unless the gas enters the pipe at a supersonic velocity. If a pipe connects two reservoirs and the upstream reservoir is maintained at constant pressure P, the following pattern will occur as the pressure P2 in the downstream reservoir is reduced. 

The relation between cost per unit length C of a pipeline installation and its diameter d is given by ... 

Data on the cost of typical pipeline installations of various sizes were reported by Darby and Melson (1982). They showed that these data can be represented by the equation ... 

The total cost (in dollars per year) for pipeline installation and operation for an incompressible fluid can be expressed as follows ... 

A pipe-type holder shall be designed, installed, and tested in accordance with the provisions of this Code applicable to a pipeline installed in the same location and operated at the same maximum pressure. 

The tracer pipeline leak testing, which is similar to the tracer tank leak testing, is effective for locating leaks in all types of pipeline installations, including pipe buried under pavement, airline runways, buildings, or underwater. Where leaks are known to exist, the tracer leak test is effective in determining their location without expensive excavation. 

Cebo UK snpply a closed-cell foamed PP seaweed, called Cegrass, which is designed to protect pipeline installations and other snbsea equipment. The artificial seaweed... 

In this scenario, we allowed the design of an integration network between the three refineries using the same set of constraints as in Scenario-1. The cost parameters for pipelines installation were calculated as cost per distance between the refineries, and then multiplied by the required pipe length in order to connect any two refineries. The pipeline diameter considered in all cases was 8 inches. 

Can be used for many divers activities, including dredging, habitat creation, vegetation control, ice-breaking, and pipeline installation. 

With annually increasing volumes of various fossil fuels to be handled and/or transported an interest arises in the new economical and operationally safe kinds of transport, including the pipeline one. Preliminary investigation has shown that application of a special kind of pipeline installations can be very useful for solving the problem to supply different countries by fossil fuels from distant finding place [1,2]. The hydraulic, pneumatic and capsules pipeline transport systems may be successfully used to solve this task in the near future. Of course, the state of knowledge in the field of pipeline transport requires applying also experimental research beside a numerical... 

The relation between cost per unit length C of a pipeline installation and its diameter d is given by C = a + bd where a and b are independent of pipe size. Annual charges are a fraction of the capital cost. Obtain an expression for the optimum pipe diameter on a minimum cost basis for a fluid of density p and viscosity p flowing at a mass rate of G. Assume that the fluid is in turbulent flow and that the Blasius equation is applicable, that is the friction factor is proportional to the Reynolds number to the power of minus one quarter. Indicate clearly how the optimum diameter depends on flowrate and fluid properties. 

The gas-pipeline construction costs in 1983 showed a 1.05% increase for the composite gas pipeline cost index. Even though some of the materials (pipes, valves, and fittings, etc.) were discounted, some other costs such as labor, construction machinery and equipment increased and hence the total pipeline construction cost index showed an increase. Bigger pipelines (10—36 in.) contributed to most of the gas transportation in the United States. A comparison of costs of construction for land and offshore pipelines indicated that the offshore construction is three times as expensive as onshore projects. An annual cost index (Al) of 200 was published for the year 1983 for pipeline installation and an AI of 203 for compressor equipment and drive units in the compressor stations. The high pressure gas pipeline cost index in 1983 was the same as the previous year. 

It is very important to take proper care during erection of process units, plant machinery, site fabrication of large-diameter storage tanks, absorption towers with internal acid-resistant linings and connections of pipelines installation and calibration of instrumentation (e.g. calibrations of level indicators, thermocouples, flowmeters, reaction vessels), curing of the internal lining (of bricks or other material) while setting up a new process plant. 

The risk analysis in pipeline installations, especially been tackled by a multi-attribute utility theory approach, claim a well-structured computational tools. The decision support system to risk analysis on pipelines installations under a MAUT approach... 

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