SECTION 3 QUALITY

In Section 3, quality assurance was defined as the laboratory operations employed to test a company s products, or an agency s samples, etc., to determine if they are within specification. This section discusses the specifics of these operations — what considerations are involved in the day-to-day work of a quality assurance technician or chemist. 

This Chapter discusses the nature of commercial lithium-ion battery packs used for portable equipment in Section 2, limitations of commercial lithium-ion cells in Section 3, quality control of commercial lithium-ion cells in Section 4 and the commercial li-ion cells and battery pack safety certification process in Section 5. 

Shi S-R, Liu C, Balgley BM, et al. Protein extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections quality evaluation by mass spectrometry. I. Histochem. 

The book is divided into five sections. The overview provides both a foreword and an introduction on the economic value of African Plants and their Products with a focus on Africa. The section Traditional Medicines from Africa provide reviews on the latest uses and medicinal applications of plants mostly from South and West African countries. The section Chemistiy, Pharmacognosy and Validation of Traditional Medicines provides recent advances on science-based validation of traditional uses of African Plants and case studies of African medicinal plants in pharmaceutical preparations and recent new discoveries in natural plant products chemistiy, biology and medicine. The section Quality Control of African Natural Plant Products provides practical information on the quality, chemistiy and proximate analysis, health and nutritional value of a wide array of African plants and products focusing on the development of quality standards. Finally, the last section Applications and Commerciahzation of African Natural Plant Products highlights different uses and apphcations of plants. The book closes with chapters on economic perspectives and models of benefit sharing in Africa. 

The analytical quality was guaranteed by the same protocol as described in Section Quality Control". In this study, detection limits were derived from the blanks and quantified as the mean plus three times the standard deviation of the concentration in the blanks, ranging from 0.05 0.08 pg m (4,4 -DDE, filter blank) to 0.15 0.07 ng m (Naph, PUF blank). 

The analytical quality was guaranteed by the same protocol as described in Section Quality Control . 

An essential part of the process specification that affects reliability, is the quality-assurance section. Quality-assurance provisions are usually... 

This is also the time for the team to evaluate the job it has done, the lessons it has learned, and specifically how it performed against the five objectives set forth at the start of this section. Quality, cost to manufacture, time to mailcet, and cost to develop will be well recognized. The fifth objective of improving the capability of the organization will require some thought. An effort should be made to determine what aspects of the process did not work as well as they should have. A team meeting may be the best way to do this, or the team leader may choose to meet members individually. 

Figure 2. Sectioning of a fixed, non-embedded round specimen. The positions of the cut surfaces are labeled (a)-(d). The scanning electron micrographs indicate the sectioning quality of the round steel specimen, which is plasma-sprayed with tungsten carbide-cobalt.

An alternative to tape collection is to collect whole-body sections on rice paper which is affixed to the acetate tape. When the sections are cut they adhere to the rice paper instead of the acetate tape. These are then are transferred (thaw-mounted) to the MALDI target plate. In this case, the sections are directly mounted on the target plate without the use of tape. This is beneficial because the adverse affects of the tape are avoided however, this approach generally results in poor section quality because transfer efficiency is often unequal for different organs and across the section. 

Chromatographic techniques, particularly gas phase chromatography, are used throughout all areas of the petroleum industry research centers, quality control laboratories and refining units. The applications covered are very diverse and include gas composition, search and analysis of contaminants, monitoring production units, feed and product analysis. We will show but a few examples in this section to give the reader an idea of the potential, and limits, of chromatographic techniques. 

Growth faulted deltaic areas are highly prospective since they comprise of thick sections of good quality reservoir sands. Deltas usually overlay organic rich marine clays which can source the structures on maturation. Examples are the Niger, Baram or Mississippi Deltas. Clays, deposited within deltaic sequences may restrict the water expulsion during the rapid sedimentation / compaction. This can lead to the generation of overpressures. 

Horizontal wells have a large potential to connect laterally discontinuous features in heterogeneous or discontinuous reservoirs. If the reservoir quality is locally poor, the subsequent section of the reservoir may be of better quality, providing a healthy productivity for the well. If the reservoir is faulted or fractured a horizontal well may connect a series of fault blocks or natural fractures In a manner which would require many vertical wells. The ultimate recovery of a horizontal well is likely to be significantly greater than for a single vertical well. 

When an oil or gas field has just been discovered, the quality of the information available about the well stream may be sparse, and the amount of detail put into the process design should reflect this. However, early models of the process along with broad cost estimates are needed to progress, and both design detail and cost ranges narrow as projects develop through the feasibility study and field development planning phases (see Section 12.0 for a description of project phases). 

The operations group will develop general operating and maintenance objectives for the facilities which will address product quality, costs, safety and environmental issues. At a more detailed level, the mode of operations and maintenance tor a particular project will be specified in the field development plan. Both specifications will be discussed in this section, which will focus on the input of the production operations and maintenance departments to a field development plan. The management of the field during the producing period is discussed in Section 14.0. 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

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