Pipe racks layout

Three factors strongly influence the effect any vapor barrier can have on cloud dilution. First, the release scenario, including the rate and duration of release, and the wind direction, will influence the barrier s effectiveness. Second, site layout, such as the location of process units and the equipment and buildings in them (e.g., tanks, towers, and pipe racks located upwind of the release point), can influence local air currents and the direction the release will take. Third, the height of the barrier and its relationship to other equipment and the source must be considered. 

The layout of the various sewer systems can begin with a careful indication of all the major equipment foundations, the locations of which are taken from the plot plan. Care should be exercised to indicate all pipe rack columns, lighting poles and all minor footings, which, if not shown, may result in interferences with the sewers. Underground cooling-water systems should be integrated into the sewer system layout as an additional system as it would be impossible to avoid interferences. The same can be said of any underground electrical utilities they must be also indicated on the sewer layout to avoid any interferences. 

Piping and supports design calculations Stress analysis report for piping Piping layout and isometric drawings Pipe rack drawings Miscellaneous piping accessories Hydrostatic test and other tests report Tie-in list... 

Utility headers for the most part are carbon steel. Construction is conventional, and steam piping is probably the most specialized, its wall thickness and construction being functions of the pressure level. The sizes of the major headers give them great influence on the layout of pipe racks and equipment location. Sizing of utility headers differs from... 

Pipe rack configurations are dictated by the equipment layout, site conditions, client requirements, and plant economy. The ideal situation would be a straight-through arrangement, with process feeds and utilities entering one end of the unit and products and disposals exiting the other end. The final layout of the pipe rack to meet the specific requirements of the project could result in a variety of configurations (e.g.,... 

After the bent spacing, rack width, and number of levels are established, the elevation of the levels must be set. As discussed in Chapter 2, the plant layout designer must know the minimum clearances to set the elevations. Plant roads, type of mobile equipment, and equipment located beneath the pipe rack can influence the pipe rack elevation. Usually, space is allowed below the pipe rack for equipment, with a minimum clearance of 10 ft (3,050 mm). 

When locating lines in the rack, the plant layout designer should run the largest lines near the outside where possible to reduce the overall load on the supporting beams. Meter runs should be installed direaly next to die columns so diat access is available by portable ladder or mobile platform, as shown in Exhibit 11-11. Maer runs are located in the pipe rack only when absolutely necessary. 

The plant layout designer should be aware that pre- ast concrete pipe racks require structural members hat are mudi larger than most designs. Exhibit 11-25 llustrates a precast column with an embedded steel... 

When complex equipment (e.g., a converter and fractionator in a fluid catalytic cracking unit) is designed, a stair structure with a vertical pipe rack must be located between both vessels, as shown in Exhibit 12-26. Although elevators are often used, diem approval must be obtained before they are included. The optimum layout includes arranging the vessel platforms for easy access from the structure. Clearance between the vessel and structure platforms must accommodate die growth of the vessels, which should be calculated to satisfy safety concerns. This structure eliminates the... 

Another responsibility of the plant layout designer is to establish the location of the instrument cable trays and analyzer houses. Both items are coordinated with the instrument engineer during the early phase of the job. The main instrument cable runs are located either in elevated trays, generally in the pipe rack, or below ground in cable trenches. These requirements are dis-cu.ssed in Chapters 11 (Pipe Racks) and 13 (Underground Piping). 

Considering the difficulties of co-ordination faced by a multidisciplinary design team, and the need to minimize design iterations by foreseeing the whole eventual plant when preparing initial layouts, pipe support systems should be substantially set out for batches of lines from the outset for example, pipes should be run on racks whenever possible. 

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