Modern Engineering

The movement from the deterministic design criteria as described by equation 4.1 to the probability based one described by equation 4.2 has far reaching effects on design (Haugen, 1980). The particular change which marks the development of modern engineering reliability is the insight that probability, a mathematical theory, can be utilized to quantify the qualitative concept of reliability (Ben-Haim, 1994). 

Taking (r pg/rpc)(AsgM, ) = 20 as representative of modern engine practice, and 5/g = 1.5 X 10 a value of C = 0.03 is obtained. The ratio (Cpg/Cpc) should then increase with Tg (but only by about 8% over the range 1500-22()0 K). This variation was, therefore, neglected in the cycle calculations described in Chapter 5. 

Energy lost to mechanical friction has been decreased significantly through a large number of small, incremental improvements. In the typical modern engine, about half of the friction occurs between the cylinder wall and the piston/piston ring assembly. The sidew all contact surfaces of the piston... 

Modern materials handling techniques in US Army Ammunition Plants are detailed in the Refs given under Modernization Engineering Project for US Army Ammunition Plants in this Vol, A study of materials handling at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, carried out under the above project, is reported in Ref 6. The principal objectives of this study were to develop recommendations to modernize materials handling in a cost effective and safe manner. 

Refs 1) Anon, Modernization Engineering Report for US Army Ammunition Plants , Vol 1 (Summary), Contract No DAAA 21-69-C-0788, Report No 70-28-RE, USA Munitions Command, Dover, NJ (Aug 1970) 2) Ibid, Vol 2, Ammu-... 

Plant Layout, Location, Design and Construction. For information on the special techniques required in the loading and fabrication of expls pertinent to ammo plant layout and design, see the entry under that title in Vol 7, L46-L to L57-L For what has been done to accomplish modernization of munitions plants now extant, see Modernization Engineering Project for US Army,Ammunition Plants1 in this Vol, M.147-L to Ml48-R. The problem of pollution created by ammo plants is examined in an article under this topic in this Vol... 

Masters. J.E. (1987b). Characterisation of impact damage development in graphite/epoxy laminates. In Fractography of Modern Engineering Materials Composites and Metals, ASTM STP 948, ASTM. Philadelphia, PA, pp. 238-258. 

Sokolnikoff, I. S., and R. M. Redheffer, 1958. Mathematics of Physics and Modern Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York. 

The answer addresses one of the key modern engineering dilemmas, that of providing engineering judgment to evaluate calculations from black-box complex computer codes. Computer programs may provide a number that may not be a good model of physical reality. The simpler methods in this chapter are very valuable, first for intuitive understanding and second to provide both a first estimation and a check of more complex calculations. 

Henley, E. J. Williams, R. A., "Graph Theory in Modern Engineering", Academic Press, New York... 

Life in the 21st century is ever dependent on an unlimited variety of advanced materials. In our consumptive world, it is easy to take for granted the macro-, micro-, and nanoscopic building blocks that comprise any item ever produced. We are spoiled by the technology that adds convenience to our lives, such as microwave ovens, laptop computers, digital cell phones, and improved modes of transportation. However, we rarely take time to think about and appreciate the materials that constitute these modern engineering feats. 

Chemical analysis can turn up in unexpected places. Modern engines in automobiles have been made much more fuel-efficient and less polluting by the inclusion of a sensor to analyze the oxygen (02) concentration in the exhaust gases. The signal from this sensor is sent to the computer that controls engine function so that instantaneous adjustments can be made in spark timing and air-fuel mixtures. 

Sokolnikoff IS, Redheffer RM. Mathematics of physics and modern engineering. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill 1966. p. 224. 

---