Sulfur dioxide by ozone

Hoffmann, M. R., On the Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Aquated Sulfur Dioxide by Ozone, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1145-1154(1986). 

Lagrange, J., Pallares, C., and Lagrange, P. (1994) Electrolyte effects on aqueous atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14595-14600. 

A wide variety of interrelated homogenous gas-phase, solution-phase, and heterogenous chemistry may ultimately result in oxidation of SO2 to sulfuric acid in DUV exposure tools. The three main possible reaction pathways for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid in the exposure chamber may include (i) direct oxidation of sulfur dioxide by stable atmospheric oxygen, (ii) catalyzed oxidation of sulfur dioxide by metal ions, and (iii) photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone and hydroxyl radical. 

Hoffmann, M. R. (1977) Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydrogen sulphide by hydrogen peroxide in acidic solution. Environmental Science and Technology 11, 61-66 Hoffmann, M. R. (1986) On the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of aquated sulfur dioxide by ozone. Atmospheric Environment 20, 1145-1154 Hoffmann, M. R. (1990) Catalysis in aquatic environment. In Aquatic chemical kinetics (Ed. 

Nahir, T. M. and G A. Dawson (1987) Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone in highly dispersed water droplets. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 5, 373-383 Nakamura, T. (2005) Post-hydration thermal metamorphism of carbonaceous chondrites. 

Hoffmann, M.R. On the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aquated sulfur dioxide by ozone. Atmos. Environ. 20, 1145-1154 (1986)... 

This model appears inadequate, for a number of reasons. Although experimental data show that less sulfur dioxide than ozone penetrates the. nasal passages in animals, as predicted by the model, much more ozone is predicted to penetrate than was demonstrated by Yokoyama and... 

FIGURE 7-S Comparison of dosage of sulfur dioxide and ozone predicted per breath by McJilton et al. for each model s ment. Inhaled concentration = 1,000 ng/m. Tidal volume - 500 cm . Inspiration time expiration time 2 s. Reprinted with permission from McJilton er al. Weibel s generation numbers added. 

Differential susceptibility of individual clones of eastern white pine to ozone and sulfur dioxide was shown by Berry and Heggestad and Costonis. When Dochinger et a/. determined that chlorotic dwarf could be caused by an interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide, th used a chlorotic dwarf-susceptible clone to eliminate the genotype variable. Houston tested the response of tolerant and susceptible clones of eastern white pine (on the basis of symptom expression under ambient conditions) to ozone or sulfur dioxide. Injury caused by sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide plus ozone correlated well with the earlier field responses, but ozone did not produce a consistent response. They also found that a 6-h exposure to a mixture of sulfur dioxide and ozone caused a difference in needle elongation between clones within tolerant and sensitive groups. This suggests that tolerance may function over a wide range of responses. 

Costonis, A. C. Acute foliar injury of eastern white pine induced by sulfur dioxide and ozone. Phytopathology 60 994-999. 1970. 

Larson, T. V., Horike, N. R., and Halstead, H. "Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide by Oxygen and Ozone in Aqueous Solution A Kinetic Study with Significance to Atmospheric Processes,"... 

Harrison, 1985 Huebert and Robert, 1985 Shepson et al., 1992). Gases that are removed readily by dry deposition have deposition velocities of order 1 cm s 1 or larger. Examples include nitric acid (HN03) and sulfur dioxide (S02). Ozone deposition velocities are about 0.5 cm s-1. With a 1 km deep atmospheric boundary layer, a gas with a deposition velocity of 1 cm s-1 has a timescale for dry deposition of the order of 1 day. Dry deposition will be an important removal process for species whose timescale for dry deposition is comparable to or smaller than that for chemical transformation. 

The Kl-method suffers from several interferences, particularly by sulfur dioxide (SO2). Ozone measurements by the Kl-method from urban sites must be regarded with some caution because sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant produced by the combustion of fossil fuels (e g., of coal). At some stations a C1O3 filter was introduced to remove the bias of SO2, causing possible problems in the homogeneity of the long-term series. Measurements of rural and Alpine sites are much less influenced by such problems. Because of these interferences present monitoring measurements are usnaUy based on the UV-method (see earlier). 

The CAA of 1970 and its amendments contributed extensively to cleaner air in the United States. Significantly, it inspired similar legislation by many nations around the world. According to the EPA, between 1978 and 1988, lead pollution in the United States decreased by 89%, nitrogen oxides by 14%, carbon monoxide by 32%, sulfur dioxide by 37%, and ozone by 21%. 

Reference methods for criteria (19) and hazardous (20) poUutants estabHshed by the US EPA include sulfur dioxide [7446-09-5] by the West-Gaeke method carbon monoxide [630-08-0] by nondispersive infrared analysis ozone [10028-15-6] and nitrogen dioxide [10102-44-0] by chemiluminescence (qv) and hydrocarbons by gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detection. Gas chromatography coupled with a suitable detector can also be used to measure ambient concentrations of vinyl chloride monomer [75-01-4], halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatics, and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9] (21-22) (see Chromatography Trace and residue analysis). 

Pollutants. The problems posed by ak pollutants are very serious. Within a museum, measures can be taken to remove harmful substances as efficiently as possible by means of the installation of appropriate filter systems in the ventilation equipment. Proposed specification values for museum climate-control systems requke filtering systems having an efficiency for particulate removal in the dioctyl phthalate test of 60—80%. Systems must be able to limit both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations <10 /ig/m, and ozone to <2 /ig/m. ... 

A smaller factor in ozone depletion is the rising levels of N2O in the atmosphere from combustion and the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers, since they ate the sources of NO in the stratosphere that can destroy ozone catalyticaHy. Another concern in the depletion of ozone layer, under study by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is a proposed fleet of supersonic aircraft that can inject additional nitrogen oxides, as weU as sulfur dioxide and moisture, into the stratosphere via their exhaust gases (155). Although sulfate aerosols can suppress the amount of nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere... 

Efforts to raise the alpha-selectivity have been made. Thus nitration of anthraquinone using nitrogen dioxide and ozone has been reported (17). l-Amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (bromamine acid) [116-81 -4] (8) is the most important intermediate for manufacturing reactive and acid dyes. Bromamine acid is manufactured from l-aminoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid [83-62-5] (19) by bromination in aqueous medium (18—20), or in concentrated sulfuric acid (21). l-Aminoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid is prepared from l-aminoanthraquinone by sulfonation in an inert, high boiling point organic solvent (22), or in oleum with sodium sulfate (23). 

For any pollutant, air quality criteria may refer to different types of effects. For example. Tables 22-1 through 22-6 list effects on humans, animals, vegetation, materials, and the atmosphere caused by various exposures to sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. These data are from fhe Air Quality Criteria for these pollutants published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

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