Pilot Scale Testing

Based upon the above-mentioned species interactions, pilot-scale testing is generally recommended to accurately size a biofilter bed for a multicomponent waste gas stream. 

Aside from size considerations, the primary difference between bench-scale and pilot-scale work is that bench-scale tests are conducted in the laboratory pilot-scale testing is usually carried out on the site. Pilot tests are subject to a whole range of problems, such as siting, health and safety, obtaining clearances, installation and operation. However, the data obtained from pilot-scale tests are much more appropriate and useful because they reflect what is actually occurring in the field. 

By representing the veloeity in this manner, we ean antieipate a small ehange in the funetion 0(e) beeause the influenee of the flow pattern is, to a large extent, aeeounted for in the hydraulie radius. Laboratory and pilot scale testing have shown... 

The collection efficiency of wet scrubbers is dependent on parameters such as the size and quantity of liquid droplets, the liquid/gas ratio, high wa-ter-to-particle relative velocity, wettability of dust, particle density, gas viscosity, etc. For any specific application, the design procedure is to review operating data available from the technical literature or from manufacturers for similar applications. If data are not available, it may be necessary to per form pilot scale tests, which can be used for scale-up purposes. 

A reaction is to be carried out in an agitated vessel. Pilot scale tests have been carried out under fully turbulent conditions in a tank 0.6 m in diameter, fitted with baffles and provided with a flat-bladed turbine, and it has been found that satisfactory mixing is obtained at a rotor speed of 4 Hz when the power consumption is 0.15 kW and the Reynolds number 160,000. What should be the rotor speed in order to achieve the same degree of mixing if the linear scale of the equipment if increased by a factor of 6 and what will be the Reynolds number and the power consumption ... 

The input of the process is a separately collected PVC fraction. The quality has to be about similar as for PVC bound for mechanical recycling. The pilot scale tests... 

This approach to describing centrifuge performance has become known as the sigma theory . It provides a means for comparing the performance of sedimentation centrifuges and for scaling up from laboratory and pilot scale tests see Ambler (1952) and Trowbridge (1962). 

During ISCO, oxidants and any necessary amendments are introduced to the treatment area with one or more of the available delivery approaches. Pilot-scale testing is often used to determine the type of amendment and delivery system used at a given site. Some of the key considerations for the common oxidants and delivery approaches are summarized below. 

Chang et al. conducted pilot scale tests in a corona radical shower system with ammonia injection for simultaneous removal of NO and S02 from coal boiler flue gases [61]. The corona radical shower system used had dimensions of 2.1 x 1.8 x 2m3 and consisted of 20 parallel flow channels with five multiple nozzle corona electrodes per... 

When evaluating a material for the purpose of establishing dense-phase and long-distance suitability, it is important to undertake all the necessary tests (e.g., particle sizing, particle and bulk densities, fluidization and deaeration). Also, if possible, it is useful to compare such results with those obtained on previously conveyed similar materials (e.g., fly ash). However, it should be noted that such an evaluation only is a qualitative one and it is not possible to predict say, minimum air flows or pipeline pressure drop based on such data (i.e., pilot-scale tests normally are required to confirm minimum velocities, friction factors, etc., especially over long distances and for large-diameter pipes). 

Carbon molecular sieve membranes Resistant to contaminants Intermediate hydrogen flux and selectivity Intermediate hydrogen flux and selectivity High water permeability Pilot-scale testing in low temperature WGS membrane reactor application Need demonstration of long-term stability and durability in practical applications... 

Laboratory Pilot-Scale Tests in SBCR with Cross-Flow... 

Technical Difficulties Encountered for FTS in Pilot-Scale Tests... 

Lu XJ, Liu L, Yang B, Chen JH (2009) Reuse of printing and dyeing wastewater in processes assessed by pilot-scale test using combined biological process and sub-filter technology. J Clean Prod 17 111-114... 

Pilot plant scale-up, for nevirapine synthesis, 18 738-743 Pilot-scale testing, 10 768-769... 

As was mentioned previously, an effective system, RNDS , has been developed to remove particular impurities from brine used in membrane electrolysis procedures. The basic concept of RNDS is to bring the feed brine into contact with an ion-exchange resin containing zirconium hydroxide for the adsorptive removal of impurities. For the removal of the sulphate ion from brine, commercial plants utilising RNDS are already in service. For the elimination of iodide and silica, pilot-scale testing is being planned. 

Pilot-scale treatability studies are enlargements of bench-scale tests, which more closely approach the full-scale project. The objective of pilot-scale tests is to verify treatability outside of a laboratory setting and verify the actual field conditions. Many pilot-scale studies are performed at the actual project site. Data from pilot-scale studies are used to design full-scale field operations. A pilot test may include the following ... 

Data derived from pilot-scale testing can be scaled-up for design of the full-scale site remediation plan or used as input to computer models for further evaluation of design options. 

In a pilot scale test using a vessel 1 m3 in volume, a solute was leached from an inert solid and the water was 75 per cent saturated in 100 s. If, in a full-scale unit, 500 kg of the inert solid containing, as before, 28 per cent by mass of the water-soluble component, is agitated with 100 m3 of water, how long will it take for all the solute to dissolve, assuming conditions are equivalent to those in the pilot scale vessel Water is saturated with the solute at a concentration of 2.5 kg/m3. 

Pilot Scale Tests. Three pilot-scale tests were made at USAM6RDL prior to the Ft. Eustis field tests. Measured amounts of the commercial formulations of the pesticides in the synthetic... 

Molten salt is a technique that has been considered for the destruction of pesticides and other hazardous wastes for several years. In a recent study by Rockwell International for EPA (1 ), the destruction of solid hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and liquid chlordane exceeded 99.99% in a molten sodium carbonate bath at 900 to 1000°C with a residence time of 0.75 s. For the pilot-scale tests, the concentration of HCB and chlordane in the spent melt was < 1 ppm. The HCl concentration in the off-gas was < 100 ppm. 

Hydrolysis can detoxify a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic organics such as esters, ethers, carbohydrates, sulfonic acids, halogen compounds, phosphates, and nitriles. It can be conducted in simple equipment (in batches in open tanks) or in more complicated equipment (continuous flow in large towers). However, a potential disadvantage is the possibility of forming undesirable reaction products. This possibility must be evaluated in bench- and pilot-scale tests before hydrolysis is implemented. 

At the proper temperature, the injected reagent reacts selectively in the presence of oxygen to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOJ primarily to molecular nitrogen (Nj) and water (FI2O). Figure 17.4 shows the results of pilot-scale tests of the use of urea and ammonia in the SNCR performance. 

Electrochemical iron generation is a site-specific technology that is pH dependent. Process pH should be from 6 to 9. Optimal removal efficiencies require electrochemical treatment in combination with an ideal precipitation pH for the metals being removed. Nearly all fuU-scale systems include a pH control system. Andco performs lab and pilot-scale testing to evaluate the ability of the process to treat a particular waste stream. If flow rates or contaminant loads fluctuate, control equipment is required to compensate for changes in influent. 

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