Pilot plants definition

Perpetuity, definition of, 230 Personal pronouns in reports, use of, 471 Personnel safely, 47-53, 59-61, 69-75 Phenolic resins, 436, 443 Pilot plants definition olj 3... 

The way a pilot plant is designed affects its cost, operabiUty, and effectiveness. AH operating ranges may not yet be fully defined at the initial design stage, but a reahstic preliminary range is required before the design is commenced, as is a clear definition of the pilot plant s purpose. 

The alkyl ketone candidates With definition of the finasteride manufacturing process came a new challenge. The most efficient synthesis of the second generation candidate would make use of the penultimate in the finasteride process 33 as starting material (Scheme 3.25). With a pilot plant campaign to make 3 scheduled, realizing this objective became a priority. None of the methods reported in the literature for ester to ketone conversion had been applied to a hindered steroidal C17 ester. 

Pilot Plant—Chemical reaction hazards Influence of plant selection on hazards Definition of safe procedures Effects of expected variations in process conditions Definition of critical limits... 

Figure 17-46 shows such a performance curve for the collection of coal fly ash by a pilot-plant venturi scrubber (Raben "Use of Scrubbers for Control of Emissions from Power Boilers, United States-U.S.S.R. Symposium on Control of Fine-Particulate Emissions from Industrial Sources, San Francisco, 1974). The scatter in the data reflects not merely experimental errors but actual variations in the particle-size characteristics of the dust. Because the characteristics of an industrial dust vary with time, the scrubber performance curve necessarily must represent an average material, and the scatter in the data is frequently greater than is shown in Fig. 17-46. For best definition, the curve should cover as wide a range of contacting power as possible. Obtaining the data thus requires pilot-plant equipment with the flexibility to operate over a wide range of conditions. Because scrubber performance is not greatly affected by the size of the unit, it is feasible to conduct the tests with a unit handling no more than 170 m3/h (100 ftVmin) of gas.

Liu and Neeld (78) used VisiMix software to calculate shear rates in laboratory, pilot plant, and production scale vessels. Their results (Table 3) showed marked differences, by as much as two orders of magnitude, in the shear rates calculated in the conventional manner [from tip speed and the distance from impeller tip to baffle, i.e., y = ND/ T — Z))] and the shear rates computed by VisiMix. The latter s markedly higher shear rates resulted from VisiMix s definition of the shear rate in terms of Kolmogorov s model of turbulence and the distribution of flow velocities. Note that VisiMix s estimates of the respective shear rates in the vicinity of the impeller blade are comparable at all scales while the shear rates in the bulk volume or near... 

A large volume of data has been compiled from the fluid hydroforming pilot plant just described. These data show definite improvement over fixed-bed hydroforming from a yield standpoint. A yield comparison has been made graphically on Figure 4 for operation on mid-continent heavy naphtha. Detailed data for this comparison are presented... 

The solvent extraction process has not yet undergone pilot plant investigation, and all the above estimates are based on small laboratory or bench scale experiments. If further testing under practical conditions substantiates the laboratory observations, it appears that the solvent extraction process definitely has an area of specialization in the over-all saline water conversion program. 

DOE acknowledged the dual regulatory framework for mixed waste in 1987 with a notice clarifying the definition of byproduct material (DOE, 1987b). In this notice, DOE issued a final interpretive rule establishing that the exclusion of byproduct material at Section 1004(27) of RCRA applied only to the radionuclides in mixed waste and that the nonradioactive portion of the waste was subject to RCRA. In addition, in 1987, DOE recognized that RCRA LDRs (see Section 4.2.2) and other RCRA requirements applied to transuranic waste intended for disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (see Section 4.1.2.3.2). 

Experience indicates that an important part of a normal process development is definition of solutions to operability and reliability problems that have been identified. The EDS process development is no exception. Potential mechanical problems associated with feed slurry preheat, slurry pumping, high pressure letdown valves and vacuum bottoms pumping have been identified and will be addressed in the 250 T/D pilot plant program. In addition, several process problems associated with the variety of coals processed have been identified and solutions defined. The status of both pilot plant construction and definition of solutions to process problems is presented in this paper. 

This optimization is achieved by exploiting to the utmost the correlations established during definition of the initial catalytic formulas It should not only take into account the problems raised by the study of use but also the need for a simple and economical preparation that can be expanded to industrial scale Therefore, the problems of extrapolating to industrial scale the various unit operations perfected in the laboratory have to be resolved in the pilot plant This study consists of... 

For large (pilot plant) laboratory reactors, on the other hand, the adiabatic mode of operation is generally preferable since natural heat losses play a lesser role and heat removal or supply through the bed is more difficult. In the following part the accuracy of temperature definition in both modes of operation will be analyzed. 

There is evidence (129) that large seed particles rolled to form flakes of a definite thickness can be extracted more rapidly than small particles, presumably because they undergo greater internal dismption in the rolling process. Laboratory and pilot plant work on soybeans by Othmer and Agarwal (137) has led them to conclude that for hexane extraction of soybeans ... 

Process—An area where process materials are manufactured, stored, handled, or otherwise used, including alt utilities and electrical and ancillary equipment associated with these areas. Similar functional areas in pilot plants and laboratories fall under this definition. 

Selecting the right type of pilot plant requires a clear definition of the program s goals. An optimum selection process is shown in Fig. 6. (See also Refs. . )... 

The pyrolysis procedure we used for phenylphosphonous dichloride was first reported by Michaelis in the 1870 s. In our first small pilot plant using hot tubes, we got only 2-3% conversion per pass of the reactants. Even though the unconverted reactants were recycled, the low conversion rate per pass was definitely a short-coming. 

The reasons why this rather recent development was described in so much detail are the author s participation in its evolution from the first pilot plant stages to today and it is an example of how the analysis of technical problems and the evaluation of their roots results in the definition of remedies and industrial solutions. 

The student must understand the importance of pilot plant studies. When the process finally comes out of the pilot plant, it should have been so thoroughly checked, verified, and proved that one has a practical working plan. The tentative figures that served as a preliminary basis of the process engineers will then be replaced by final and exact specifications. Definite yields and conclusive figures on all operations will be established and the most efficient process will result. 

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