Pig models

Moy LS, Peace S, Moy RL (1996) Comparison of the effect of various chemical peeling agents in a mini pig model. Dermatol Surg 22 429-432 Seitz JC, Whitemore CG (1988) Measurement of erythema and tanning response in human skin using a Tri-Stimulus colorimeter. Dermatologica 177 70-75... 

REGAL J F, FRASER D G, WEEKS c E, GREENBERG N A (2000) Dietary ph)doestrogens have antiinflammatory activity in a guinea pig model of asthma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 223 372-8. 

Sierra EM, Rowles TK, Martin J, et al. 1989. Low level lead neurotoxicitv in a pregnant guinea pigs model Neuroglial enzyme activities and brain trace metal concentrations. Toxicology 59 81-96. 

Three studies have addressed the possibility of inducing cross-resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the use of rifaximin. In an experimental guinea pig model of M. tuberculosis, rifaximin was administered in an effort to induce resistance among M. tuberculosis strains of human origin. Not only did no resistance develop, crossresistance to rifampin also did not occur [17, 18]. In another approach, M. tuberculosis strains were subjected to subinhibitory concentrations of rifaximin. No induction of resistance or cross-resistance to rifampin occurred... 

Porter KB, Tsibris JC, Porter GW, Fuchs-Young R, Nicosia SV, O Brien WF (1998) Effects of raloxifene in a guinea pig model for leiomyomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 1283-1287... 

Ten healthy rats were studies in total. Eight rats were treated with variable doses of coulombs and two rats were used as controls. ECT in the rat pancreas produced local necrosis and appears safe and reproducible in the healthy rat tissue the next step is to examine its feasibility in a pig model pancreas, before evaluating it clinically for pancreatic tumors. 

This theory was further explored in an anaesthetised pig model, which facilitated portal vein and bile sampling [86], However, the hepatic extraction ratio and the biliary clearance of fexofenadine were unaffected by verapamil in the pig model. The question as to why verapamil/ketoconazole increase the fraction absorbed (i.e. based on appearance kinetics) and yet the fraction absorbed estimated on the basis of disappearance kinetics (i.e. /err) for the intestinal segment appears unchanged remains to be explored and most likely reflect multiple interplay between absorptive and efflux drug transporters in the intestinal tissue. 

Gardner N, Haresign W, Spiller R, Farraj N, Wiseman J, Norbury H, Ilium L (1996) Development and validation of a pig model for colon-specific drug delivery. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 48 pp 689-693. 

In addition to the amiodarone-related compounds, (81) and (82), described above, BASF has been exploring some novel heterocyclic compounds as Class III antiarrhythmic agents. A series of imidazo[l,2-c]pyrro-lo[l,2-a]quinazoline derivatives have been patented which are several times more potent than (-I- )-sotalol in lengthening QT interval of the electrocardiogram in the anaesthetized guinea-pig model [230], One of the most potent compounds is (85), which was 17-times more potent than the standard. These compounds represent one of the unique Class III structural types described to date. 

There are only a few reports on the efficacy of feverfew in an in vivo situation. Inhibition of collagen-induced bronchoconstriction in an in vivo guinea-pig model was demonstrated [56] and it was concluded that this was consistent with in vivo phospholipase A2 inhibition. In a rat model of experimentally induced nephrocalcinosis, parthenolide was shown to protect the rats against this condition. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis may have been the mechanism of action of parthenolide in this case, as prostaglandins are thought to be involved in nephrocalcinosis [57]. 

Bengel EM, Anton M, Richter T, Simoes MV, Haubner R, Henke J et al. Noninvasive imaging of transgene expression by use of positron emission tomography in a pig model of myocardial gene tmnsfer. Circulation 2003 108 2127-2133... 

There are also plans to deliver a gene therapy product nonsurgicaUy for the treatment of patients with heart failure. In a controlled trial in a pig model of pacing-induced heart failure, intracoronary delivery of human FGF-4 showed significant improvement in regional cardiac function and a reduction in the size of the heart. If these results translate favorably to humans, FGF-4 gene therapy may be a therapeutic option for patients with cardiomyopathy. 

Peterson TC, Isbrucker RA, Martinka M. 1991. Collagen estimation in the yellow phosphorus induced pig model of liver disease. Clin Invest Med 14(4 suppl) A64. 

A. N. Fisher, L. Ulum, S. S. Davis, W. Haresign, J. Jabbal-Gill, and M. Hinchcliffe, Use of a Pig Model for Colon Specific Delivery of Peptides, Proteins and Other Drugs, European Symposium on Formulation of Poorly-Available Drugs for Oral Administration, Editions de Sante, Paris, 1996, pp. 183-186. 

Kumar, S., H. Char, S. Patel, D. Piemon-tese, K. Iqbal, A.W. Malick, E. Neu-groschel, and C.R. Behl. 1992. Effect of iontophoresis on in vitro skin permeation of an analogue of growth hormone releasing factor in the hairless guinea pig model./. Pharm. Sci. 81 635-639. 

Sato K, Laham RJ, Pearlman JD, et al. Efficacy of intracoronary versus intravenous FGF-2 in a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 2000 70(6) 21 13-21 18. 

The monofunctional tryptase inhibitor APC-366 (Axys Pharmaceuticals) reduces the acute airway response and histamine release to allergen in a pig model of allergen-induced asthma [19]. APC-366 is also effective in a sheep model of allergen-induced asthma but was only poorly effective in asthma patients (proof-of-principle) [8], The compound was in clinical development phase II for asthma (inhalative). Although highly selective for tryptase over plasmin and plasma kal-likrein, APC-366 was not selective against thrombin and trypsin [13], Another monofunctional tryptase inhibitor is bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazol-yl)methane (BABIM) which has been shown to be effective in the sheep. Further development of the compound was, however, discontinued, maybe because of the lack of selectivity over trypsin [13, 16, 17] (Figure 3.2.2). 

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