Phytochemicals essential oils

The research on compounds occurring in plants that can affect the rumen metabolism, and thereby animal productivity, should be not only the strategic but also the fundamental aim enabling to expand the knowledge of correlations between an animal and a cocktail of phytochemical compounds, taken up by it every day in feed. Among all known groups of phytochemicals essential oils seems to be one of the most promising in their action. 

T. Kopke, A. Dietrich and A. Mosandl, Chfral compounds of essential oils. XIV simultaneous stereoanalysis of buchu leaf oil compounds , Phytochem. Anal. 5 61-67 (1994). 

D. Bartschat, D. Eehmann, A. Dietrich, A. Mosandl and R. Kaiser, Chfr al compounds of essential oils. XIX. 4-methyl-5 decanolide chfr ospeciflc analysis, str ucture and properties of the stereoisomers , Phytochem. Anal. 6 130-134 (1995). 

A marine nutraceutical is defined as a marine-derived substance that can be used as a dietary supplement or a food ingredient that provides a medicinal or health benefit beyond basic nutrition [Barrow, C.. and F. Shahidi (2008). Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. CRC Press. 494 pp.] Cosmoceuticals are cosmetic products with drug-like benefits conferred by ingredients such as vitamins, phytochemicals, enzymes, antioxidants, and essential oils. 

KopkeX, Dietrich A, Mosandl A, Ghiral compounds in essential oils XIV Simultaneous stereoanalysis of buchu leaf oil, Phytochem Anal 5(19) 6l—67, 1994. 

Schubert V, Mosandl A, Chiral compounds of essential oils, VIII Stereodifferentiation of linalool using multidimensional gas chromatography, Phytochem Anal 2 171-174, 1991. 

Hypericum perforatum (Clusiaceae), commonly known as SJW, is used in many countries for the treatment of mild-to-moderate forms of depression. Several clinical studies provide evidence that SJW is as effective as conventional synthetic antidepressants (46-51). From a phytochemical point of view, H. perforatum belongs to one of the best-investigated medicinal plants. A series of bioactive compounds have been detected in the crude material, namely phenylpropanes, flavonol derivatives, biflavones, proanthocyani-dins, xanthones, phloroglucinols, some amino acids, naphthodianthrones, and essential oil constituents (Fig. 3) (52-54). 

Bernreuther, A. and Schreier, P. 1991. Multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry A powerful tool for the direct chiral evaluation of aroma compounds in plant tissues. II. Linalool in essential oils and fruits. Phytochem. Anal. 2 167-170. 

Phytochemical studies of cinnamon and related species are restricted mainly to the volatile oil and its constituents. Recently, the chemical composition of the essential oils of a few rare species has been researched and new aroma sources have been identified. The chemistry of the genus Cinnamomum is interesting, as there exist several chemo-types within a species. So far, except for C. cassia, very little attention has been paid to the non-volatiles of the genus. This is an area worth exploring. 

ABSTRACT This study shows that, in spite of the great biological and cultural potential in Brazil, there is, even today, no phytomedicines originating from this flora, as an alternative to allopathic anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribed by psychiatry. Thirty-nine plants with potential anxiolytic effects and 28 hypnotics were indicated in the course of ethnopharmacological surveys carried out with Afro-Brazilians and/or Quilombolas, the Caboclo population (river-dwellers), and Indians in Brazil. Practically no pharmacological studies have been found in the scientific literature as evidence of their popular use. From the phytochemical point of view, it is of interest to observe that flavonoids, essential oils, phenolic acids, and alkaloids are the chemical constituents predominantly present in these species, both in those indicated as anxiolytic, and the hypnotic. 

The phytochemical survey carried out with the species indicated, to which were attributed an anxiolytic effect showed that the main constituents found were the flavonoids, essential oils, as shown in Fig. (2), followed by the phenolic acids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids. 

In this review, the phytochemical studies found in the scientific literature for the plants included in Table 2, with possible hypnotic effects, also showed a prevalence of the flavonoid and essential oil, as shown in plants in Table 1, with possible anxiolytic effects, as can be seen in Fig. (4). These results emphasize the importance of these constituents in the treatment of diseases related to some deficiencies of the CNS, once more followed by the phenolic acids and alkaloids as shown in Fig. (4). These substances may act producing two effects, both as anxiolytics and as hypnotics, the difference being only in the dosage of the drug, as formerly cited. 

Among the plants indicated in this survey, 67% were investigated from the phytochemical point of view the flavonoids, essential oils, and alkaloids are important constituents for the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects attributed to these plants by popular lore. 

V. Schubert and A. Mosandl. Stereoisomeric Flavour Compounds LIII Chiral Compounds of Essential Oils VIII Stereodifferentiation of Unalool using multidimensional gas chromatography. Phytochem. Anal., 2, 171-174 (1991). 

Essential Oils and Chemotaxonomy.—This section reviews the literature of the past year for essential oil analyses, but covers the past two years (see Vol. 8, p. 19) for phytochemical papers reporting variation of monoterpenoid content according to geographical, seasonal, and environmental factors, taxonomic and evolutionary implications, hybridization, and genetics of terpenoid development. For the previous report on Chemotaxonomy, see Vol. 7, p. 222. 

Essential oils have also been shown to be useful as anti-inflammatory agents. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Ocimum sanctum fixed oil have been evaluated recently [220]. The results reported are consistent with the folk medicine use of different parts of this plant for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation. The results of an investigation on the anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids of Baphia nitida, another plant used in folk medicine, were recently reported [221]. The flavo no id-rich fraction of the leaf, obtained by a chromatographic process, was formulated into an ointment and exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity in several rodent inflammation models. The inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) and interleukin-1(3 (IL-1), mediators in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, by curcumin (111), a phytochemical isolated from the plant Curcuma longa Linn, was recently reported [222]. This report shows that, in vitro, curcumin (111), at 5 (J.M, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-a and IL-1 by a human monocytic macrophage cell line. 

More recently, Frizzo et al. [69] examined the essential oil from Baccharis uncinella D. C., popularly called Vassoura lageana , which grows wild in the South of Brazil. No previous phytochemical studies have been reported concerning the composition of volatile compounds from this Baccharis species. The monoterpene profile is similar to those reported for other Baccharis, such as B. dracunculifolia and B. crispa, while the sesquiterpene... 

Calamus grows wild in India, China, Europe, and North America, and the phytochemical profile of the plant material varies according to origin. The essential oil of plants from India contains up to 75% p-asarone see Alkenylbenzenes in Appendix 1), while the oil of calamus from Japan and eastern Russia contains 10-40%, oil from European plants contains... 

Langer, R., C. Mechtler, and J. Jurenitsch. 1996. Composition of the essential oils of commercial samples of Salvia officinalis L. and S.fruticosa Miller A comparison of oils obtained by extraction and steam distillation. Phytochem. Anal. 7(6) 289-293. 

Orav, A., E. Arak, and A. Raal. 2006. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European countries. Nat. Prod. Res. 20 (12) 1082-1088. 

Zambon, S. Chamorro, E. Sobral, A. Eimer, G. Casuscelli, S. (2011). Evaluacidn del comportamiento del citronelal presente en aceites esenciales bajo la influencia del catalizador mesoporoso Ti-MCM-41 con diferentes cargas de Ti. MERCOCAT. Zygadlo JA, Julian HR Jr (2000) Bioactivity of essential oil components. Curr Top Phytochem 3 203-214. 

Kim, H.J. 2005. Characterization of bioactive compounds in essential oils, fermented anchovy sauce, and edible plants, and induction of phytochemicals from edible plants nsing methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and chitosan. PhD Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, p. 178. 

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