Baccharis species

However, the most interesting of the Baccharis species is most certainly B. coridifolia. This plant is well-known in Brazil as being one of that country s most toxic plants (49) and is a serious hazard to livestock who graze in pastures populated by B. coridifolia (49). Four separate collections were made of B. coridifolia (48). Three of these collections were "From several miles outside Curitaba and a fourth collection in a pasture near Santa Maria, the site of an earlier collection of 13. coridifolia (47), and several hundred miles away from Curitaba. ThTs latter collection and two of the three former collections contained appreciable quantities of roridins A and E. A third collection from near Curitaba appeared to contain no macrocyclic trichothecenes. From a 20 g sample of one of the collections of B. coridifolia... 

Our findings suggest that some Baccharis species form an association with Myrothecium species which produce roridins. These roridins are taken up by the plant and, in the case of B. coridifolia stored, but in the case of B. megapotamTca the roridins are oxidized (metabolized) (45) to the baccharinoids. 

Simoes-Pires, C. A., Queiroz, E. F., Henriques, A. T., and Hostettmann, K., Isolation and on-hne identification of antioxidant compounds from three Baccharis species by HPLC-UV-MS/MS with post-column derivatisation. Phytochemical Analysis 16(5), 307-314, 2005. 

Other Baccharis species with antiviral properties also included Baccharis teindalensis L. and Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. 

Three flavonoids, 5,7-dihydroxy-4 -methoxyflavone, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4 -methoxyflavone and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-3 -methoxyflavone, were isolated in a bioguided study from the dichloromethane extract of Baccharis leptophylla [209]. Data on the activity of these compounds against Candida albicans. Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canum is reported. From another Baccharis species, Baccharis peduculata (Mill.) Cabrera., a flavone ether was isolated as an antifungal principle [223]. 

Obviously the next question involves the transfer of resistance. If crosses are made between the Baccharis species will resistance be imparted to the offspring What sort of Mendelian ratios might be found Would this better be accomplished by protoplast fusion and tissue culture Can this resistance be transferred to other genera Is there a practical application (herbicide incorporation into seed) for this discovery Do the genes that enable B. megapotamica to handle the trichothecenes exist in B. halimifolia and, if they do, what turns them on or off There is some exciting work yet to be done in this area of research. And we have now entered the next topic. 

Baccharis genistelloides, from which carquejol is obtained, is not the only Baccharis species to yield an o-menthane. Bohlmann and Zdero have isolated two esters of the type (190) from Baccharis timera ... 

To date more than 100 species from the large genus Baccharis have been investigated chemically. The most widespread compounds are clerodane diterpene derivatives, but labdane derivatives have also been isolated. Furthermore, typical acetylenic compounds, baccharis oxide, a unique triterpene, and derivatives of hydroxyacetophenone are present, although it is mainly other biologically active constituents, e.g. flavonoids, sesquiterpenes and essential oils that have been reported in the last years. The constituents of Baccharis species compiled from different sources are presented below. 

The investigation of the aerial parts of nine Baccharis species from Argentina gave seven new e /-clerodane derivatives from B. salicifolia [20,21],... 

From another Argentinian Baccharis species, B. articulata, three diterpenes of neo-clerodane type, articulin, Fig. (3), articulin acetate and barticulidiol, Fig. (4), together with the known bacchotricuneatin A, Fig. (5), were isolated [22,23],... 

The most widespread diterpenes reported in Baccharis genus are clerodanes, but labdane- and kaurane-type, and to a lesser extent beyerane-type diterpenoids have also been isolated. The investigation of ten Baccharis species afforded four new enr-labdane diterpenes from Baccharis oxydonta... 

Reports on the triterpene composition of Baccharis genus are recorded in the literature. Baccharis oxide, Fig. (21) is a common and unique triterpene found in many Baccharis species, such as Baccharis halimifolia L. [54] and B. salicifolia [55], The NMR spectra of this compound was assigned ambiguously [56], but recently Nurnberg et al. [57] established the total NMR chemical shift assignments of baccharis oxide. 

In several Chilean Baccharis species such as Baccharis linearis (R. et Pav.) Pers., Baccharis rhomboidalis J. Remy and Baccharis solieri D. C., oleanolic acid, Fig. (22), stigmasterol, P-amyrin, Fig. (24) and friedelinol were present [58],... 

More recently, Frizzo et al. [69] examined the essential oil from Baccharis uncinella D. C., popularly called Vassoura lageana , which grows wild in the South of Brazil. No previous phytochemical studies have been reported concerning the composition of volatile compounds from this Baccharis species. The monoterpene profile is similar to those reported for other Baccharis, such as B. dracunculifolia and B. crispa, while the sesquiterpene... 

From Bolivian Baccharis species, two prenylated coumaric acids, Fig. (50) were isolated from B. boliviensis [33], while B. grisebachii, an endemic species from Argentina, yielded 3-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-/ -coumaric acid [72],... 

Compositae plants have been used for medicinal purposes for many centuries, showing different biological activities. Of these, plants belonging to the genus Baccharis are reported to have excellent medicinal value. Several pharmacological activities, including antitumoral, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects have been documented for extracts of Baccharis species and/or their constituents, and we present these below. 

Medicinal plants, plants used for eating purposes and other natural products, are mainly complex products with several components with different chemical and pharmacological characteristics. In addition, many of these products are also sold as dietary supplements, but scientific information about their safe and effective use is hard to find because limited toxicological data are available on herbal remedies and the support of rigorous clinical studies is lacking. A few reports of the toxicological evaluation in Baccharis species are available. 

A number of these compounds have insect antifeedant activity. The total synthesis of the substituted c/s-decalin (26) as an antifeedant has been reported. Clerodanes have previously been detected in Salvia (Labiatae) species. The gesnerohlins A and B, obtained from S. gesneraefolia, have been assigned the structures (27) and (28) although their absolute stereochemistry was not determined. A further series of clerodanes of uncertain stereochemistry has been isolated from Baccharis species, including bacrispine (29) from B. crispa and the malonate ester (30) from B. tricuneata. ... 

Table 1. Collection data of analysed samples of Baccharis species. The abbreviation mean species Ba, B, articulata Be, B. crispa Bg, B, gaudichaudiana Bm, B. microcephala Bp, B. penningtonii Bphy, B, phyteumoides Bs, B, sagittalis Btr, B. triangularis Bt, B. trimera provinces BA, Buenos Aires CHU, Chubut CO, Cordoba COR, Corrientes ER, Entre Rios FO, Formosa LP, La Pampa MI, Misiones RN, Rio Negro SF, Santa Fe SL, San Luis. Numbers indicate when there is more than one population of the same species. Material extracted from Herbarium Names of collectors, numbers not provided by the Herbarium.

Jarvis BB, Midiwo JO, Bean GA, Aboul-Nasr MB, Barros CS (1988) The Mystery of Trichothecene Antibiotics in Baccharis Species. J Nat Prod 51 736... 

Jarvis BB, Mokhtari-Rejali N, Schenkel EP, Barros CS, Matzenbacher NI (1991) Trichothecene Mycotoxins from Brazilian Baccharis Species. Phytochemistry 30 789... 

Kuti, j. O., B. B. Jarvis, N. Mokhtari-Rejali, and G. A. Bean, Allelochemical regulation of reproduction and seed germination of two Brazilian Baccharis species by phytotoxic trichothecenes, J. Chem. Ecol, 16, 3441-3453 (1990). 

Widespread amongst the Astereae (Solidago, Happlopappus, Amellus, Aster, Diplopappus, Conyza, Baccharis species) and the Anthemi-deae (Anthemis, Matricaria species) (25). 

Bohlmann F, Knauf W, King RM, Robinson H 1979 Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. 196. A new diterpene and additional constituents form Baccharis species. Phytochemistry 18 1011-1044... 

Bohlmann F, Zdero C, Grenz M, Dhar AK et al. 1981 Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 307. Five diterpenes and other constituents from nine Baccharis Species. Phytochemistry 20 281-286... 

Centered in South America, the approximately four hundred perennial herbaceous or shrubby Baccharis species extend in their range into North America 292). Their closest relatives most likely include Archibaccharis and Conyza (A. Cronquist, pers. commun.). The dominant lipophilic constituents of the leaf extracts from 54 taxa are diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and other phenolics (Table 8 [pp. 443-446] Figure 22 [pp. 467-468]). Although ew/-clerodanes are the most frequently reported diterpene components, labdanes and tetracyclic /-kaurenes and ew/-stachanes are common (Figure 22). 

Arriaga-Giner, F.J., E. Wollenweber, I. Schober, P. Dostal, and S. Braun 2/3-Hautriwaic acid, a clerodane type diterpenoid and other terpenoids from three Baccharis species. Phytochem. 25, 719 (1986). 

Bohlmann, F., S. Banerjee, J. Jakupovic, M. Grenz, L.N. Misra, G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, R.M. King, and H. Robinson Clerodane and labdane diterpenoids from Baccharis species. Phytochem. 24, 511 (1985). 

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