Physical properties specific gravity

Product oils from SYNTHOIL runs carried out at 415° and 450° C and 2,000 and 4,000 psi H2 pressures were analyzed with respect to asphaltene and oil content, elementary compositions (C, E, S, N), ash and physical properties (specific gravity and viscosity). Asphaltenes exert a large effect on the viscosity of the product oil, the viscosity increasing exponentially with asphaltene content. Viscosity of product oil is not only dependent on the amount but also on the molecular weight of asphaltenes present. At 415° C, asphaltenes with a molecular weight of 670 are formed and at 450° C asphaltenes with a molecular weight of 460. 

Physical properties Specific gravity (20°C) 2.31 Average particle size (pm) 0.2 Specific surface (m2/g) 20 ... 

The VGC is a measure of petroleum composition that connects two physical properties—specific gravity and viscosity—for distillation fractions. It was developed by Hill and Coates in 19286 to be an index of the paraffinic or naphthenic character. The objective was to fill in the gap between clearly paraffinic and clearly naphthenic samples. It is still reported for base stocks and ranges from approximately 0.78 (paraffinic base stocks) to 1.0 (highly aromatic base stocks) and its value provides some guidance for the solvency properties of the oil. Like the results of the n-d-M method, the VGC is usually reported for naphthenic products, but not for paraffinic ones. 

Table G1.5.7 lists the physical and chemical properties (specific gravity, SG refractive index, r optical activity, a) of citrus oils defined by the Food Chemicals Codex (NRC, 1981).

Phyiiical and Chemical Properties—Physical State under standard conditions Molecular Weight Boiling Point and Freezing Point Temperatures Critical Properties Specific Gravity Thermodynamic Properties... 

Composites can be created ia which the core optimizes desired physical properties such as modulus, whereas the outer layer optimizes surface coasideratioas aot inherent ia the core material. SoHd outer—foam core can provide composites with significant reductions ia specific gravity (0.7). Dry blowiag ageats can be "dusted" onto the peUets orHquid agents iajected iato the first transitioa sectioa of the extmder. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride are summarized in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the vapor pressure and latent heat of vaporization. The specific gravity of the Hquid decreases almost linearly from 1.1 at —40°C to 0.84 at 80°C (4). The specific heat of anhydrous HF is shown in Figure 2 and the heat of solution in Figure 3. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties of waste as fuels are defined in accordance with the specific materials under consideration. The greatest degree of definition exists for wood and related biofuels. The least degree of definition exists for MSW, related RDF products, and the broad array of ha2ardous wastes. Table 3 compares the physical property data of some representative combustible wastes with the traditional fossil fuel bituminous coal. The soHd organic wastes typically have specific gravities or bulk densities much lower than those associated with coal and lignite. 

Although the size separation/classification methods are adequate in some cases to produce a final saleable mineral product, in a vast majority of cases these produce Httle separation of valuable minerals from gangue. Minerals can be separated from one another based on both physical and chemical properties (Fig. 8). Physical properties utilized in concentration include specific gravity, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity, color, surface reflectance, and radioactivity level. Among the chemical properties, those of particle surfaces have been exploited in physico-chemical concentration methods such as flotation and flocculation. The main objective of concentration is to separate the valuable minerals into a small, concentrated mass which can be treated further to produce final mineral products. In some cases, these methods also produce a saleable product, especially in the case of industrial minerals. 

Physical and chemical properties of the numerous PAG products can vary considerably. PAG products are usually aqueous solutions, although soHd products are also sold. Solutions range from colodess to amber and from clear to hazy in appearance specific gravities at 25 °G vary from about 1.2 to 1.35. Product viscosities, as measured by a Brookfield viscometer at 25 °G, are generally about 10 50 mPa-s(=cP), but can be much greater than 10, 000 mPa-s(=cP) for certain aged compositions. 

Physical Properties. Anhydrous sodium sulfite [7757-83-7] Na2S02, is an odorless, crystalline soHd and most commercial grades other than by-product materials are colorless or off-white (331—334). It melts only with decomposition. The specific gravity of the pure soHd is 2.633 (15.4°C). Sodium sulfite is quite soluble in water. It has a maximum solubiHty of 28 g/100 g sol at 33.4°C at higher and lower temperatures, it is less soluble in water. Below this temperature, the heptahydrate crystallizes above this temperature, the anhydrous salt crystallizes. Sodium sulfite is soluble in glycerol but insoluble in alcohol, acetone, and most other organic solvents. 

Physical Properties. Sodium metabisulfite (sodium pyrosulfite, sodium bisulfite (a misnomer)), Na2S20, is a white granular or powdered salt (specific gravity 1.48) and is storable when kept dry and protected from air. In the presence of traces of water it develops an odor of sulfur dioxide and in moist air it decomposes with loss of part of its SO2 content and by oxidation to sodium sulfate. Dry sodium metabisulfite is more stable to oxidation than dry sodium sulfite. At low temperatures, sodium metabisulfite forms hydrates with 6 and 7 moles of water. The solubiHty of sodium metabisulfite in water is 39.5 wt % at 20°C, 41.6 wt % at 40°C, and 44.6 wt % at 60°C (340). Sodium metabisulfite is fairly soluble in glycerol and slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Descriptions of sulfuric acid analytical procedures not specified by ASTM are available (32,152). Federal specifications also describe the requited method of analysis. Concentrations of 78 wt % and 93 wt % H2SO4 are commonly measured indirectly by determining specific gravity. Higher acid concentrations are normally determined by titration with a base, or by sonic velocity or other physical property for plant control. Sonic velocity has been found to be quite accurate for strength analysis of both filming and nonfuming acid. 

With minor exceptions the requirements for the physical and chemical properties of asphalt were essentially the same for the three national specifications and included penetration and ductiUty at 25 °C flash point % loss at 163 °C penetration of residue as a % of original solubiUty in carbon disulfide solubiUty in carbon tetrachloride specific gravity at 25°C and softening point. 

Citric acid, anhydrous, crystallizes from hot aqueous solutions as colorless translucent crystals or white crystalline powder. Its crystal form is monoclinic holohedra. Citric acid is dehquescent in moist air. Some physical properties are given in Table 1 (1 3). The solubiUty of citric acid in water and some organic solvents is given in Table 2. The pH and specific gravity of aqueous solutions of citric acid are shown in Table 3. 

Table 1 shows the various physical properties for components of eggs (4). Specific gravity of whites, yolks, and whole egg is the same, ie, density is 1035 kg/m (64.6 Ib/ft = 8.63 Ib/gal) for all three types of egg products shown. The viscosity of blended Hquid egg components varies over a wide range of temperatures at temperatures higher than those indicated in Table 1, the protein starts to denature and coagulate, increasing viscosity. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties include specific gravity, water absorption, mold shrinkage, transmittance, ha2e, and refractive index. Specific gravity affects performance and has commercial implications. The price of the material divided by the specific gravity gives the yield in cost per unit volume. Comparison of yields gives an evaluation of raw material costs. 

Physical characteristics Molecular weight Vapour density Specific gravity Melting point Boiling point Solubility/miscibility with water Viscosity Particle size size distribution Eoaming/emulsification characteristics Critical temperature/pressure Expansion coefficient Surface tension Joule-Thompson effect Caking properties... 

Physical and Chemical Properties - Physical State at 15 X and 1 atm. Liquid Molecular Weight S5.W -, Boiling Point at 1 atm. Decomposes-, Freezing PoirU -5.8, -21,252 Critical Temperature Not pertinent Critical Pressure Not pertinent Specific Gravity 0.925 at 25 °C (liquid) Vapor (Gas) Density Not pertinent Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas) 1.074 Latent Heat of Vaporization No... 

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