Physical chemistry books

Were it not for the never-ending, gentle tussle between gravity and diffusion, our planet would not have an atmosphere, nor would we be here to reflect on it The barometric equation, which describes this balance of power between the above two well-known phenomena, is derived in most introductory physical chemistry books and is mentioned in the closing paragraph of this chapter. There are many more life-sustaining processes that are... 

In another physical chemistry book, all of the elementary steps that involve the excited molecule are called "primary photochemical processes." Vibrational relaxation, fluorescence, energy transfer, isomerization, and dissociation are all considered to be different types of primary photochemical processes. But the first three listed do not involve any chemical change and cannot... 

In this chapter, we first discuss the origin of the effects of the fluorine atom on the basis of the molecular orbital theory. Then, we discuss some specific properties of the fluorinated molecules and materials. This book treats these properties qualitatively. For quantitative discussions and estimations, see the advanced physical chemistry books [1, 2], and, for detailed values of the properties, see the comprehensive summaries [3-5]. 

Note that fugacity of a pure substance can be calculated using the corresponding equation of state [4] and a gas component fugacity can be calculated similarly to activity, that is, as a product of the component partial pressure and the fugacity coefficient. Details of such calculations can be found in any chemical thermodynamics and some physical chemistry books [4]. 

Clearly, the physical chemistry of surfaces covers a wide range of topics. Most of these subjects are sampled in this book, with emphasis on fundamentals and important theoretical models. With each topic there is annotation of current literature with citations often chosen because they contain bibliographies that will provide detailed source material. We aim to whet the reader s appetite for surface physical chemistry and to provide the tools for basic understanding of these challenging and interesting problems. 

Probably the simplest mass spectrometer is the time-of-fiight (TOP) instrument [36]. Aside from magnetic deflection instruments, these were among the first mass spectrometers developed. The mass range is theoretically infinite, though in practice there are upper limits that are governed by electronics and ion source considerations. In chemical physics and physical chemistry, TOP instniments often are operated at lower resolving power than analytical instniments. Because of their simplicity, they have been used in many spectroscopic apparatus as detectors for electrons and ions. Many of these teclmiques are included as chapters unto themselves in this book, and they will only be briefly described here. 

It should be emphasised that all the processes here described are considered essentially from the practical standpoint. The student should always acquaint himself with the theoretical basis of these operations, for which he should consult any standard text-book of physical chemistry this applies particularly to such processes as the distillation of constant boiling-point mixtures, steam-distillation, ether extraction, etc. 

To make an informed guess for your first value of ot, you may wish to reread the section on the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom and the Schroedinger wave functions for the hydrogen atom in a good physical or general chemistry book (see Bibliography). 

Mortimer, R. G., 1999. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. [This book contains an introduction to computer use with brief comments, references and sources to BASIC, Excel, graphics, curve fitting, and Mathematica.]... 

For a theoretical treatment involving association or dissociation in one solvent, see, for example, S. Glasstone.-Text Book oj Physical Chemistry, Second Edition 1947, p. 737 (Van Nostrand Macmillan). 

For a detailed diacuasion, see, for example, Glaaatone, Text Book of Physical Chemistry, 1947, p. 729 (Vao Nostrand Macmillan). 

For further details and a description of the triple-shadow polarimeter, see text books of practical physical chemistry, for example, Daniels, Mathews and Williams, Experimental Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, 1949, p. 34 (McGraw-Hill) Findlay and Kitchener, Practical Physical Chemisiryi 1964, p. 180 (Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.). 

Thermodynamics is one of the most well-developed mathematical descriptions of chemistry. It is the held of thermodynamics that dehnes many of the concepts of energy, free energy and entropy. This is covered in physical chemistry text books. 

The words basic concepts" in the title define what I mean by fundamental." This is the primary emphasis in this presentation. Practical applications of polymers are cited frequently—after all, it is these applications that make polymers such an important class of chemicals—but in overall content, the stress is on fundamental principles. Foundational" might be another way to describe this. I have not attempted to cover all aspects of polymer science, but the topics that have been discussed lay the foundstion—built on the bedrock of organic and physical chemistry—from which virtually all aspects of the subject are developed. There is an enormous literature in polymer science this book is intended to bridge the gap between the typical undergraduate background in polymers—which frequently amounts to little more than occasional relevant" examples in other courses—and the professional literature on the subject. 

Servos gives a beautifully clear explanation of the subject-matter of physical chemistry, as Ostwald pursued it. Another excellent recent book on the evolution of physical chemistry, by Laidler (1993) is more guarded in its attempts at definition. He says that it can be defined as that part of chemistry that is done using the methods of physics, or that part of physics that is concerned with chemistry, i.e., with specific chemical substances , and goes on to say that it cannot be precisely defined, but that he can recognise it when he sees it Laidler s attempt at a definition is not entirely satisfactory, since Ostwald s objective was to get away from insights which were specific to individual substances and to attempt to establish laws which were general. 

The broader field of colloid science continues to attract overviews, the most recent being a book entitled The Colloidal Domain, Where Physics, Chemistry am Biology Meet (Evans and Wennestrdm 1999). 

As we saw in Chapter 3, the founding text of modern materials science was Frederick Seitz s The Modern Theory of Solids (1940) an updated version of this, also very influential in its day, was Charles Wert and Robb Thomson s Physies of Solids (1964). Alan Cottrell s Theoretical Structural Metallurgy appeared in 1948 (see Chapter 5) although devoted to metals, this book was in many ways a true precursor of materials science texts. Richard Weiss brought out Solid State Physics for Metallurgists in 1963. Several books such as Properties of Matter (1970), by Mendoza and Flowers, were on the borders of physics and materials science. Another key precursor book, still cited today, was Darken and Gurry s book. Physical Chemistry of Metals (1953), followed by Swalin s Thermodynamics of Solids. 

Classical thermodynamics gives an expression that relates the equilibrium constant (the distribution coefficient (K)) to the change in free energy of a solute when transferring from one phase to the other. The derivation of this relationship is fairly straightforward, but will not be given here, as it is well explained in virtually all books on classical physical chemistry [1,2]. 

This book is intended primarily for students in the various fields of engineering but it is felt that students in other disciplines will welcome and benefit from the engineering approach. Since the book has been written as a general introduction to the quantitative aspects of the properties and processing of plastics, the depth of coverage is not as great as may be found in other texts on the physics, chemistry and stress analysis of viscoelastic materials, this has been done deliberately because it is felt that once the material described here has been studied and understood the reader will be in a better position to decide if he requires the more detailed viscoelastic analysis provided by the advanced texts. 

This book will be of major interest to researchers in industry and in academic institutions as a reference source on the factors which control radical polymerization and as an aid in designing polymer syntheses. It is also intended to serve as a text for graduate students in the broad area of polymer chemistry. The book places an emphasis on reaction mechanisms and the organic chemistry of polymerization. It also ties in developments in polymerization kinetics and physical chemistry of the systems to provide a complete picture of this most important subject. 

The last chapter in this introductory part covers the basic physical chemistry that is required for using the rest of the book. The main ideas of this chapter relate to basic thermodynamics and kinetics. The thermodynamic conditions determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously, and if so whether the reaction releases energy and how much of the products are produced compared to the amount of reactants once the system reaches thermodynamic equilibrium. Kinetics, on the other hand, determine how fast a reaction occurs if it is thermodynamically favorable. In the natural environment, we have systems for which reactions would be thermodynamically favorable, but the kinetics are so slow that the system remains in a state of perpetual disequilibrium. A good example of one such system is our atmosphere, as is also covered later in Chapter 7. As part of the presentation of thermodynamics, a section on oxidation-reduction (redox) is included in this chapter. This is meant primarily as preparation for Chapter 16, but it is important to keep this material in mind for the rest of the book as well, since redox reactions are responsible for many of the elemental transitions in biogeochemical cycles. 

This chapter applies the physical chemistry taught in the first year of undergraduate chemistry to chemical problems in the natural environment and introduces key chemical concepts to use and keep in mind for the rest of this book. The material in this chapter is especially important to consider when utilizing the modeling techniques presented in Chapter 4. 

The reviews collected in this book convey some of the themes recurrent in nano-colloid science self-assembly, constraction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfmement and compartmentalization, measurement and control of interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation. They also reveal the interaction of a spectrum of disciplines in which physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science intersect. Not only is the vast range of industrial and technological applications depicted, but it is also shown how this new way of thinking has generated exciting developments in fundamental science. Some of the chapters also skirt the frontiers, where there are still unanswered questions. 

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