Photosynthesis and water

Choinski, J.S. Jr. and Johnson, J.M., Changes in photosynthesis and water status of developing leaves of Brachystegia spiciformis Benth., Tree Physiol, 13, 17, 1993. 

Pollutants on Apparent Photosynthesis and Water Use by Citrus Trees, Environ. Sci. Technol. (1967) 1, 644. 

Kramer PJ., Boyer JS. Photosynthesis and water availability. In Water Relations of Plants and Soils. USA, Academic Press, Elsevier Science 1995, p. 315-319. 

Particulate matter may physically become a factor in leaf physiological function if deposition is heavy enough to block light (critical to the photosynthetic machinery of the leaf) or if stomata become occluded by the particles. In the latter case both uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and water loss by the plant could be reduced. Particulate matter also has a potential to chemically alter the micro-environment of the leaf surface. Trace concentrations of heavy metals associated with deposited particles, as well as strong acid anions, may significantly modify the chemical nature of water drops or films of water in contact with plant surfaces. 

Department of Physiology of Photosynthesis and Water Relations, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,... 

Chlorophyll is present in all green plants, and is essential to the life of the plant, as it acts as a catalyst in the photosynthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. 

In photosynthesis, nature recycles carbon dioxide and water, using the energy of sunlight, into carbohydrates and thus new plant life. The subsequent formation of fossil fuels from the biomass, however, takes... 

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

There are costs associated with loss of visibility and solar energy. These include increased need for artificial illumination and heating delays, disruptions, and accidents involving air, water, and land traffic vegetation growth reduction associated with reduced photosynthesis and commercial losses associated with the decreased attractiveness of a dingy communiW... 

The fixation of carbon dioxide to form hexose, the dark reactions of photosynthesis, requires considerable energy. The overall stoichiometry of this process (Eq. 22.3) involves 12 NADPH and 18 ATP. To generate 12 equivalents of NADPH necessitates the consumption of 48 Einsteins of light, minimally 170 kj each. However, if the preceding ratio of l ATP per NADPH were correct, insufficient ATP for COg fixation would be produced. Six additional Einsteins would provide the necessary two additional ATP. Prom 54 Einsteins, or 9180 kJ, one mole of hexose would be synthesized. The standard free energy change, AG°, for hexose formation from carbon dioxide and water (the exact reverse of cellular respiration) is +2870 kj/mol. 

Oxygen oeeurs in the atmosphere in vast quantities as the free element O2 (and O3, p. 607) and there are also suhstantial amounts dissolved in the oeeans and surfaee waters of the world. Virtually all of this oxygen is of hiologieal origin having been generated by green-plant photosynthesis from water (and earbon dioxide).The net reaetion ean be represented by ... 

Plants store solar energy by photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (COj) and water (H2O) in the presence of light are converted into glucose (C(,H 20(,) by the following chemical equation ... 

Through a series of enzymatic steps, carbon dioxide and water undergo photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen according to the equation... 

Rosenberg, N. J. (1981). The increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and its implications on agricultural productivity. I. Effects on photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency. Climat. Change 3,265-279. 

Oxidation-reduction reactions in water are dominated by the biological processes of photosynthesis and organic matter oxidation. A very different set of oxidation reactions occurs within the gas phase of the atmosphere, often a consequence of photochemical production and destruction of ozone (O3). While such reactions are of great importance to chemistry of the atmosphere - e.g., they limit the lifetime in the atmosphere of species like CO and CH4 - the global amount of these reactions is trivial compared to the global O2 production and consumption by photosynthesis and respiration. 

Yan J. Wang J. Tissue D. Holaday A. S. Allen R. Zhang H. (2003) Protection of photosynthesis and seed production under water-deficit conditions in transgenic tobacco plants that over-express Arabidopsis ascorbate peroxidase // Grop Sci. V. 43. P. 1477-483. 

Brix, H. (1962). The effect of water stress on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in tomato plants and loblolly pine seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, IS, 10-20. 

Powles, S.B. Bjorkman, O. (1982a). High light and water stress effects on photosynthesis in Nerium oleander. II. Inhibition of photosynthetic reaction under water stress interaction with light level. Carnegie Institute of Washington Year Book, 81, 76-7. 

Takeda, T., Sugimoto, H. Agata, W. (1978). Water and crop production. I. The relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration in corn leaf. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 47, 82-9. 

Even a moderate quantity of salt reaching the leaves has a drastic effect on photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure, much more than could be accounted for by the average tissue concentration (Flowers etal., 1985). Salt may accumulate in the apoplast (because it is not taken up fast enough by the cells of the leaf), and this would result in severe localised water deficit (Oertli, 1968). Differences in apoplast/protoplast balance are thought to be responsible for varietal differences in tissue salt load which can be accommodated (tissue tolerance Yeo Flowers, 1986). The xylem concentration of Na" is very much lower to young leaves than to older leaves (Yeo et al., 1985). This is advantageous in salt resistance because it means that at least some leaves are protected from salt, which otherwise causes premature leaf death (Yeo Flowers, 1984 Fig. 2). 

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