Phosphorus aquatic

By breaking down biomass and mineralizing essential elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, aquatic microorganisms play a key role in nutrient cycling. 

Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or smell of the products for human consumption derived from the aquatic environment Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elemental phosphorus Non-persistent mineral oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin Cyanides, fluorides... 

A shortage of any of some two dozen chemical elements that are essential for the growth of organisms can reduce ecosystem productivity, but phosphorus and nitrogen are often the most limiting nutrients, which is why these two elements are standard components of commercial fertilizers. Phosphorus is often limiting because it moves through soil pores and aquatic... 

The land biota reservoir (3) represents the phosphorus contained within all living terrestrial organisms. The dominant contributors are forest ecosystems with aquatic systems contributing only a minor amount. Phosphorus contained in dead and decaying organic materials is not included in this reservoir. It is important to note that although society most directly influences and interacts with the P in lakes and rivers, these reservoirs contain little P relative to soil and land biota and are not included in this representation of the global cycle. 

Paulsson M, Mansson V, Blanck H (2002) Effects of zinc on the phosphorus availability to periphyton communities from the river Gota Alv. Aquat Toxicol 56 103... 

EEA- European Environmental Agency (2005) Source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment. Environmental Assessment report No 7. Available at http //www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea report 2005 7 (June 2009)... 

Faust SD, Gomaa HM. 1972. Chemical hydrolysis of some organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides in aquatic environments. Environ Lett 3 171 -201. 

Increases in phosphorus export from agricultural landscapes have been measured after the application of phosphorus. Phosphorus losses are influenced by the rate, time, and method of phosphorus application, form of fertilizer or manure applied, amount and time of rainfall after application, and land cover. These losses are often small from the standpoint of farmers (generally less than 200 kg P km-2) and represent a minor proportion of fertilizer or manure phosphorus applied (generally less than 5%). Thus, these losses are not of economic importance to farmers in terms of irreplaceable fertility. However, they can contribute to eutrophication of downstream aquatic ecosystems. 

Concentration profiles from the North Atlantic and North Pacific (a) phosphorus, (b) silicon, (c) iron, (d) nickel, (e) manganese, (f) cadmium, (g) zinc, and (h) copper. Source From Morel, F. M. M., and J. G. Hering (1993) Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry. John Wiley Sons, p. 406. Data sources Bruland, K. W., and R. P. Franks (1983). Trace Metals in Seawater pp. 395-414, C. S., Wong, et al. Plenum Press and Bruland, K. W. (1980). Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 47, 176-198. 

The phosphate manufacturing and phosphate fertilizer industry includes the production of elemental phosphorus, various phosphorus-derived chemicals, phosphate fertilizer chemicals, and other nonfertilizer phosphate chemicals [1-30], Chemicals that are derived from phosphorus include phosphoric acid (dry process), phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus penta-sulfide, phosphoms trichloride, phosphorus oxychloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, and calcium phosphates [8]. The nonfertilizer phosphate production part of the industry includes defluori-nated phosphate rock, defluorinated phosphoric acid, and sodium phosphate salts. The phosphate fertilizer segment of the industry produces the primary phosphorus nutrient source for the agricultural industry and for other applications of chemical fertilization. Many of these fertilizer products are toxic to aquatic life at certain levels of concentration, and many are also hazardous to human life and health when contact is made in a concentrated form. 

In Europe, eutrophication is one of the main water pollution problems, which originates partially from the past European common agricultural policy. The intensive cultivation of land demanded the use of large amounts of fertilizers in a relatively small total land area. Although the situation has improved in the last few years with the phosphorus levels in water being decreased, the presence of nitrates in the aquatic environment is still a problem. 

---