Functional cross-reactivity

Where functional cross-reactivity to at least one of the usual toxicology species is present, and appropriate assays for PK and PD have been developed, the clinical candidate can be used in a relatively conventional developmental toxicity program with that species (preferably the rat, for which the most background data will be available). Following early sub-chronic repeat-dose toxicity testing in the rodent (usually up to 1 month s duration), with accompanying PK/PD data, the reproductive study program can be planned as appropriate to the circumstances. 

Fonagy A., Schoofs L., Matsumoto S., DeLoof A. and Mitsui T. (1992c). Functional cross-reactivities of some locustamyotropins and Bombyx pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. J. Insect Physiol. 38, 651-657. 

Soluble fragments of TNF-Rs were first referred to as TNF-binding proteins, having been discovered in the biological fluids of health volunteers, postmenopausal women, and patients with cancer or chronic renal disease (Olsson et al., 1993). These soluble forms of TNF-Rs are immunologically distinct from one another but demonstrate functional cross-reactivity with the surface receptors (Engelmann et al., 1990b). 

Lymphocytes, the effector cells of the acquired immune system, include morphologically indistinguishable T and B cells, the former divided into CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Since the functions of those cell subsets differ so drastically, it became important to develop tools to distinguish them from each other. Efforts to identify cell subsets according to their expression of different surface antigens have been successful, including various Cluster of Determination (CD) markers (Table 23.1). In addition, cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies, and subsequently developed species-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies towards the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been used to label cells in circulation and in tissue sections (Table 23.1). 

Bioactive-peptide-functionalized CNTs can cause strong anti-peptide immunological responses in mice, no cross-reactivity against CNTs was detected (Pantarotto et al., 2003 Salvetat et al., 2006). Employing fully the advantages of CNTs and proteins may fabricate a lot of nanomotor or nanoscale machinery with unique function. 

Taken together, these results suggest that molecular recognition of the dodecapeptide by antibodies differs from its recognition by concanavahn A, and that the immunological cross-reactivity observed in some studies does not reflect structural mimicry. That molecular recognition by concanavalin A of carbohydrates and peptides differs has also been shown in structural studies. Here, the functional molecular mimicry observed with respect to different receptors should not be assumed to imply structural mimicry—the inter-molecular interactions may differ in each case. 

The imidoester (or imidate) functional group is one of the most specific acylating groups available for modifying primary amines. Unlike most other coupling chemistries, imidoesters posses minimal cross-reactivity toward other nucleophilic groups in... 

---