Fitness components

For extremely narrow openings (cracks) with deep flow paths (such as mortar joints and tight-fitting components) the flow is laminar and the flow rate, Q (mVs), can be described by the Couette flow equation - ... 

Duct fitting Component of ductwork incorporating a change in one or several of the following ... 

Figure 5. (a) The ( A, SO,) anion symmetric streching mode of polypropylene glycol)- LiCF,SO, for 0 M ratios of 2000 1 and 6 1. Solid symbols represent experimental data after subtraction of the spectrum corre-ponding to the pure polymer. Solid curves represent a three-component fit. Broken curves represent the individual fitted components, (b) Relative Raman intensities of the fitted profiles for the ( Aj, SO,) anion mode for this system, plotted against square root of the salt concentration, solvated ions ion pairs , triple ions, (c) The molar conductivity of the same system at 293 K. Adapted from A. Ferry, P. Jacobsson, L. M. Torell, Electrnchim. Acta 1995, 40, 2369 and F. M. Gray, Solid State Ionics 1990, 40/41, 637. 

Figure 5.39. Characterization of the spillover species by photoelectron spectra of the Ols region taken from a 0.02 pm2 spot on the Pt surface (a) The residual O Is spectrum after the cleaning cycles (b) The Ols spectrum measured in 02 atmosphere (pO2=lxI0 6 mbar) (c) The Ols spectrum obtained during electrochemical pumping in vacuum with UWr = 1.1 V. R1 and R2 are the components which are formed by adsorption from the gas phase and by electrochemical pumping. The fitting components of the residual oxygen are shown with dashed lines. Photon energy = 643.2 eV, T 350-400°C.67 Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.

Fig. 4 Oxygen Is XPS spectra including curve-fitted components for (a) Catalyst I, (b) Catalyst I after reduction In Fig. 2, a marble-like pattern was observed, which is attributable to solid solution phase of CoO and MgO, because XRD measurement on Catalyst II showed the existence of CoO-MgO solid solution phase [7, 8]. On the other hand, for Catalyst I, no solid solution phase of CoO-MgO was observed. In addition, XRD pattern of Catalyst I indicated the existence of CoO or C03O4. These results suggest that in the case of Catalyst I, Co is loaded on the surface of MgO as CoO or C03O4 phase. Magnified TEM image of Catalyst I after reduction is shown in Fig. 3. In this figure, crystalline lattice image was observed. It is likely that the observed lattice corresponds to the metal phase of Co, because XRD measurement on Catalyst I after reduction showed the existence of Co metal phase [7, 8].

Figure 2. Diffuse reflectance UV spectra of dehydrated [1.5]TS-1 experimental data and fit residue (dotted lines), gaussian fit components (solid lines) insert details for two different TS-1.

Figure 35 Top row XPS C(ls) and O(ls) band envelopes and curve-fitted components for (a) PMMA and (b) PEEK films A is untreated, B the DBD-treated at 5.7J cm-2 and C the post-treatment-aged (stored) sample. Bottom row contact angle and XPS O/C variation of (c) PMMA film and (d) PEEK film solid lines are for the freshly treated in air DBD samples, the dashed lines are for the post-process-aged films. Reprinted from Upadhyay et al. [98]. Copyright 2005, with permission of Elsevier.

The integrated intensities of the fitted component peaks should then be related to the electron population of different valence states, subject to correction factors, according to the same equation used earlier for quantitative analysis of survey XPS spectra (Eq. 3) [10]. Because photoelectron KEs are similar throughout the valence band region, spectrometer-dependent factors and IMFP values can be assumed to be the same for all states, so that the equation simplifies to ... 

Sultan, S. E. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth. Ecology, 82 328-343. 

Figure 5.28. A. Expanded portion of the Al MAS and DOR spectra of Al2(Mo04)3 acquired at 9.4 T, after Haddix et al. (1993), by permission of the American Chemical Society. B. Detail of the second sideband at 11.7 T, with the simulated spectrum and the fitted components corresponding to the four octahedral sites. The frequency scale in (B) is arbitrary. After Kunath-Fandrei et al. (1995a), by permission of Elsevier Science.

Figure 6.16. A. Observed and simulated O MAS NMR centre band spectrum of crystalline diopside (CaMgSi206) showing the individual fitted components. From Timken et al. (1987) by permission of the American Chemical Society. B. Three-quantum MAS NMR spectrum of forsterite showing resolution of the three non-bridging oxygen sites. C. Cross-sections parallel to the p2 axis of the MQMAS spectrum in B from which the xq and t values were derived by computer simulation of these peak shapes. From Ashbrook et al. (1999) by permission of the Mineralogical...

Figure 6.30. A. O NMR spectra of various high-Tc oxide superconductors. The asterisk marks 1(1) sites in a small population of aligned crystallites. From Oldfield et al. (1989) by permission of the copyright owner. B. Observed and simulated O NMR spectrum of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu30io superconductor showing the individual fitted components of the spectrum. From Dupree et al. (1991) by permission of Elsevier Science.

Figure 9.23. A. N NMR spectra of polyborazilene precursor for the production of BN. Upper solid state MAS spectrum, middle solid-state CP MAS spectrum, lower liquid-state spectrum in tetrahydrofuran. B. Schematic representations and calculated N chemical shifts of the various environments in hexagonal BN. C. Observed and simulated N MAS NMR spectrum of polyborazilene showing the fitted components with assignments according to the environments of Figure 9.23B. The fitted peaks from the BHN2 sites are shown by full lines, those from BN3 sites by broken lines. From Gervais et al. (2001), by permission of the American Chemical Society.

Figure 9.26. Se NMR spectra of CdSe molecular clusters isolated by encapsulation with covalently-bonded Se-phenyl or Se-butyl moieties. The Se spectra relate to the internal portion of the cluster rather than to the organoselenide ligand. Note the change in relative proportions of the three-line fitted components, shifting towards the position of the bulk material with increasing cluster size. From Thayer et at. (1988), by permission of the copyright owner.

I will define any phenotype that is monotonically related to fitness as a fitness component. The / s and m s are thus components of fitnesses. 

Fisher s Fundamental Theorem and the assumption of no perturbations suggest that there should be no variance in fitness. This assertion is difficult to test directly. Burt (1995) reviewed 13 estimates of the variance in fitness in six different species, and only two were significant. Because one cannot prove absence, the meaning of this result is unclear. Of course many examples of directional changes in populations suggest that variance in fitness is often present (Endler 1986). Experimenters have usually had to content themselves with measuring fitness components, and these very often display substantial genetic variance (Houle 1992, Mousseau Roff 1987, Roff Mousseau 1987). Two interpretations of this result are possible, and are most easily introduced with a simple model (Houle 1991). 

TABLE 2 Correlations of fitness components due to the second chromosome in D. melanogaster after 44 generations of mutation accumulation... 

The essence of the cruel-world scenario is that natural selection is continually pursuing an elusive optimum that the population is being pushed away from. The result is genetic variance in fitness and positive correlations among fitness components, that is, the existence of an f factor. 

All we need then is a representative sample of well-estimated genetic correlation matrices (G) to test the cruel and optimal scenarios. Here, this promising research program runs into trouble we simply do not have any examples of correlation matrices that cover a complete sample of fitness components. 

In summary, there is good evidence that both optimal-world and cruel-world scenarios supply variation in fitness components, but the quantitative balance between the two is unclear. 

The argument so far has all been about fitness components, whose partial correlation with fitness is positive by definition. For any other trait, such as size, bristle number, or the g factor of psychometrics, fitness will not automatically increase if an individual has more of it. In a cruel world, the probability of such positive relationships with arbitrary characters is higher, as maladapted individuals... 

Wiley, Chichester (Novartis Found Symp 233) p 260-275 Mousseau TA, Roff DA 1987 Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity (Edinburgh) 59 181-197... 

FIGURE 9.7 Material selection for gaseous oxygen (for pipe, fittings, components, and valves). A = Carbon steel, stainless steel, or copper or nickel alloys. B = stainless steel (1 in. NPS min. and Vs in. thick min.) or copper or nickel alloys. C = Copper or nickel alloys only. Note (1) The material choice for each site is based on the maximum velocity and pressure at each site. (2) Temperature less than 200°F. (From CGA G-4.4, Compressed Gas Association, 1997, 10. With permission.)... 

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