Phenols from hydrocarbons

Extraction of phenol from aqueous solution using hollow fiber membrane contactor was first investigated in Ref. [100]. However, the membrane used was not completely microporous. Instead, it was a dialysis-type membrane. A commercial plant to separate phenol from hydrocarbon fraction using microporous membrane contactors was reported in Ref. [101]. Soda lye was used to react with the phenol transferred from the feed phase to create and maintain the driving force for separation. This industrial-scale application enabled the processing of hydrocarbon fraction to a full-value raw material for phenol and acetone synthesis. 

Via intermediates Phenols from hydrocarbons via amines s. 1,192 a-Hydroxy ketones from ketones via a-isonitrosoketones s. 2,145 a-Hydroxycarboxylic acids from carboxylic acids via a-halogenocarboxylic acids s. 1,451 v.l. H —OH... 

An additional useful test is to distil the acid or its sodium salt with soda lime. Heat 0.5 g. of the acid or its sodium salt with 0 2 g. of soda lime in an ignition tube to make certain that there is no explosion. Then grind together 0-5 g. of the acid with 3 g. of soda hme, place the mixture in a Pyrex test-tube and cover it with an equal bulk of soda hme. Fit a wide dehvery tube dipping into an empty test-tube. Clamp the tube near the mouth. Heat the soda lime first and then the mixture gradually to a dull-red heat. Examine the product this may consist of aromatic hydrocarbons or derivatives, e.g., phenol from sahcyUc acid, anisole from anisic acid, toluene from toluic acid, etc. 

Carbon, hydrogen and possibly oxygen Resin and derivatives Natural drying oils Cellulose derivatives Alkyd resins Epoxy resins (uncured) Phenol-formaldehyde resins Polystyrene Acrylic resins Natural and synthetic rubbers Carbon monoxide Aldehydes (particularly formaldehyde, acrolein and unsaturated aldehydes) Carboxylic acids Phenols Unsaturated hydrocarbons Monomers, e.g. from polystyrene and acrylic resins... 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

In an acetone extract from a neoprene/SBR hose compound, Lattimer et al. [92] distinguished dioctylph-thalate (m/z 390), di(r-octyl)diphenylamine (m/z 393), 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-f-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-isocyanurate m/z 783), hydrocarbon oil and a paraffin wax (numerous molecular ions in the m/z range of 200-500) by means of FD-MS. Since cross-linked rubbers are insoluble, more complex extraction procedures must be carried out (Chapter 2). The method of Dinsmore and Smith [257], or a modification thereof, is normally used. Mass spectrometry (and other analytical techniques) is then used to characterise the various rubber fractions. The mass-spectral identification of numerous antioxidants (hindered phenols and aromatic amines, e.g. phenyl-/ -naphthyl-amine, 6-dodecyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-l,2-dihydroquinoline, butylated bisphenol-A, HPPD, poly-TMDQ, di-(t-octyl)diphenylamine) in rubber extracts by means of direct probe EI-MS with programmed heating, has been reported [252]. The main problem reported consisted of the numerous ions arising from hydrocarbon oil in the recipe. In older work, mass spectrometry has been used to qualitatively identify volatile AOs in sheet samples of SBR and rubber-type vulcanisates after extraction of the polymer with acetone [51,246]. 

Phenol formed in the system due to acid-catalyzed decomposition of hydroperoxide retards the cumene oxidation. The aqueous phase withdraws phenol from the hydrocarbon phase. This is the reason why the emulsion oxidation of cumene helps to increase the yield of hydroperoxide. The addition of hydrogen peroxide into the system helps to increase the yield of hydroperoxide. 

Kohler, M., Kunniger, T., Schmid, P., Gujer, E., Crockett, R., and Wolfensberger, M. Inventory and emission factors of creosote, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and phenols from railroad ties treated with creosote. Environ. Sci. Technol, 34(22) 4766-4772, 2000. 

Dynaphen A process for converting mixed alkyl phenols (from coal liquids or lignin) to benzene, phenol, and fuel gas, by noncatalytic hydrogenation at high temperature. Developed and offered by Hydrocarbon Research. 

The Extraksol process can extract organic contaminants such as oils and greases, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachlorophenols (PCPs), and phenols from a variety of solid matrices. The Extraksol process can extract polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from clay-bearing soil, sand, and FuUer s earth. Extraksol has successfully treated various media such as activated carbons, refinery sludges, and wood treatment sludges. 

Extraction is a process for separating components in solution by their distribution between two immiscible phases. Such a process can also be called liquid extraction or solvent extraction. The former term may be confusing because it also applies to extraction by solid solvents. Since extraction involves the transfer of mass from one phase into a second immiscible phase, the process can be carried out in many ways. The simplest example involves the transfer of one component from a binary mixture into a second immiscible phase — extraction of an impurity from wastewater into an organic phase. In some cases, a chemical reaction can be used to enhance the transfer, e.g., the use of an aqueous caustic solution to remove phenolics from a hydrocarbon stream. 

The recovery of phenol from the hydrocarbon fraction with a phenol concentration of 2-4wt.% by MBSS into an alkali solution has been applied industrially in Poland [93, 94], The capacity of the plant with two rigs in series, each with 8 crossflow H F contactors Liqui Cel 4 x 28" (Membrana) connected in parallel is about 650 kg h 1. Both the hydrocarbon raffinate, with less than 0.02 wt.% of phenol,... 

Titov believes that phenols are formed from hydrocarbons under the influence of the nitrosyl ion, NO+ A nitroso compound forms first, which then undergoes a rearrangement ... 

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