Hydrocarbons phenols

Isooctane ( CgHig ) + Phenol ( CjHgO ) Drickamer, Brown and White, 1945 

Benzene ( CjHj ) + o-Cresol ( CjH80 ) Weissenberger and Piattl, 1924 

Toluene ( C Hg ) O Cresol ( C HgO ) Weissenberger, Schuster and Wojnoff, 192S 

Toluene ( C7HJ ) + ei-Nitrophenol ( C(H50 N ) Sidgwick, Spurrell and Davies, 1915 

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By interaction of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride with an anxnatic compound (hydrocarbon, phenol or phenol ether) in the presence of aluminium chloride (or zinc chloride). This is known as the Gattermann... 

The process is carried at moderate (slightly above atmospheric) pressures, but at very high temperatures that reach a maximum of 1900°C. Even though the reaction time is short (0.6—0.8 s) the high temperature prevents the occurrence of any condensable hydrocarbons, phenols, and/or tar in the product gas. The absence of Hquid simplifies the subsequent gas clean-up steps. 

Supercritical CO2 has also beea tested as a solveat for the removal of organic contaminants from sod. At 60°C and 41.4 MPa (6,000 psi), more than 95% of contaminants, such as diesel fuel and polychlotinated biphenyls (PCBs), may be removed from sod samples (77). Supercritical CO2 can also extract from sod the foUowiag hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlotinated hydrocarbons, phenols, chlotinated phenols, and many pesticides (qv) and herbicides (qv). Sometimes a cosolvent is required for extracting the more polar contaminants (78). 

Standard-grade PSAs are usually made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber, or blends thereof in solution. In addition to rubbers, polyacrylates, polymethylacrylates, polyfvinyl ethers), polychloroprene, and polyisobutenes are often components of the system ([198], pp. 25-39). These are often modified with phenolic resins, or resins based on rosin esters, coumarones, or hydrocarbons. Phenolic resins improve temperature resistance, solvent resistance, and cohesive strength of PSA ([196], pp. 276-278). Antioxidants and tackifiers are also essential components. Sometimes the tackifier will be a lower molecular weight component of the high polymer system. The phenolic resins may be standard resoles, alkyl phenolics, or terpene-phenolic systems ([198], pp. 25-39 and 80-81). Pressure-sensitive dispersions are normally comprised of special acrylic ester copolymers with resin modifiers. The high polymer base used determines adhesive and cohesive properties of the PSA. 

Table 6 List of a Few Long-Chain Hydrocarbon Phenols [ 133]...

C. K. S. Pillai, C. Pavithran, A. R. R. Menon, V. S. Prasad, J. D. Sudha, V. G. Jayakumari, M. Brahmaku-mar, P. Anandan, and A. D. Damodaran, Specialty Polymers from Long Chain Hydrocarbon Phenols, Project Completion Report, Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum (1994). 

The balance of the compounds in Table VIII support the earlier statement that any compound containing fluorine is toxic to moths. These fluorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, acids, sulfonic acids, and sulfones probably act against moths as stomach poisons. The fluorosulfonic acid derivatives and the sulfone with a fluorinated substituent were key compounds whose toxicity to moths laid the groundwork for the deductions which led to the synthesis and testing of DDT as an insecticide. 

Oil and grease (mineral) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Phenolic compounds... 

The hydrocarbon-phenol reaction, catalysed by the etherate, was being run in petroleum ether solution in a sealed pressure bottle. The bottle burst, possibly owing to exothermic polymerisation of the diene. 

The reaction of active hydrocarbons, phenols, and related compounds with tetrasulfur tetranitride affords fused thiadiazoles, and this chemistry is well documented in CHEC(1984) <1984CHEC(6)513> and CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(4)355>. No recent work has been reported. 

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols Extraction with methylene dichloride GC-MS, HPLC [530]... 

Aryl and alkyl hydroxylations, epoxide formation, oxidative dealkylation of heteroatoms, reduction, dehalogenation, desulfuration, deamination, aryl N-oxygenation, oxidation of sulfur Oxidation of nucleophilic nitrogen and sulfur, oxidative desulfurization Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, amines, and sulfides oxidative dealkylation, reduction of N-oxides Alcohol oxidation reduction of ketones Oxidative deamination... 

Lopez-Avila et al. [25] studied the microwave assisted extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and organochlorine insecticides from standard reference soils and sediments. 

The microwave assisted extraction for organic compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and organochlorine insecticides, described in section 11.1.8 [25] has been applied to sediments. The application of supercritical fluid extraction to the determination of various insecticides in soils described in section 11.1.7 [23] has been applied to river sediments. 

Since desalting is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to the feedstock unless a leak or release occurs. However, whenever elevated temperatures are used when desalting sour (sulfur-containing) petroleum, hydrogen sulfide will be present. Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatoma-ceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. 

Phenols show a two-electron oxidation wave on cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile at a less positive potential than for the con-esponding methyl ether (Table 6.5) or a related hydrocarbon. Phenol radical-cation is a strong acid with pKg ca. -5 in water [93], so the two-electron oxidation wave for phenols is due to formation of a phenoxonium ion such as 13, where the complete oxidation process is illustrated for 2,4,6-tri-tt rf-butylphenol. Phenoxide ions are oxidised at considerably less positive potentials than the conesponding phenol. They give rise to a one-electron wave on cyclic voltammetry in aqueous acetonitrile or in aqueous ethanol containing potassium hydroxide. 2,4,6-Tri-/ert-butyiphenoxide ion is reversibly oxidised to the radical in a one-electron proces.s with E° = -0.09 V V5. see. The radical undergoes a further irreversible one-electron oxidation with Ep = 1.05 V vs. see on cyclic voltammetry forming the phenoxonium ion which reacts with water [94J. 

Solaqua is a patented, ex situ process for the removal of organic contaminants from wastewater or groundwater. The technology uses ferric oxalate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of light to produce hydroxyl radicals, which destroy organic contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, alkanes, aUcynes, ethers, and ketones. Solaqua is not yet commercially available. 

Acetic acid, methanol, acetone, hydrocarbons, phenols, levoglucosan, furfural... 

Another variety of artificial asphalt is one of the by-products of manuf of coal gas. This asphalt is the residue left in the retorts after removal from coal tar (by distillation) of aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, ere sols, etc... 

A variety of H-donors have been used for the photoreduction of carbonyl compounds. They include amines, alcohols, hydrocarbons,. phenols and amides. The presence of compounds with double bonds lead to oxetane formation. 

Alkylation is a very broad reaction type and it can, depending on the nature of the alkylating agent, proceed either as a substitution or as an addition reaction. The alkylation by substitution of, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols or amines is based on the reaction with alkyl halides or alcohols. Some evidence indicates that, at least partly, the alkylation proceeds through the intermediate formation of alkenes from the alkylating agent when the reaction is conducted at atmospheric pressure and at high temperature. 

The condensate is contaminated with traces of dissolved hydrocarbons, phenols, NH3, H2S, etc. 

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