Phenols bisphenol

Allyl chloride is used to make intermediates for downstream derivatives such as resins and polymers. Approximately 90% of allyl chloride production is used to synthesize epichlorohydrin, which is used as a basic building block for epoxy resins and in glycerol synthesis. Allyl chloride is also a starting material for allyl ethers of phenols, bisphenol A and phenolic resins, and for some allyl esters. Other compounds made from allyl chloride are quaternary amines used in chelating agents and quaternary ammonium salts, which are used in water clarification and sewage sludge flocculation (Kneupper Saathoff, 1993). 

The benzene-derived petrochemicals in Figure 4.15 are intermediate feedstocks for styrenic and phenolic plastics. In the styrenics chain, ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene, to be used as polystyrene monomer or as a copolymer with acrylonitrile and butadiene. In the phenolics chain, cumene is an intermediate for making phenol. Bisphenol A is the condensation product of two moles of phenol and acetone. Phenol and Bisphenol A are used to manufacture resins and polycarbonates. Phenol and cyclohexane are the starting materials for the manufacture of nylon 6. 

Cumene capacity topped 9.5 million metric tons in 1998 and is projected to reach 10.4 million metric tons by the end of 2003 (19). Like ethylbenzene, cumene is used almost exclusively as a chemical intermediate. Its primary use is in the coproduction of phenol and acetone through cumene peroxidation. Phenolic resins and bisphenol A are the main end uses for phenol. Bisphenol A, which is produced from phenol and acetone, has been the main driver behind increased phenol demand. Its end use applications are in polycarbonate and epoxy resins. The growth rate of cumene is closely related to that of phenol and is expected to be approximately 5.1% per year worldwide over the next five years. Process technologies for both chemicals have been moving away from conventional aluminum chloride and phosphoric acid catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene, toward zeolite-based processes. 

CO2. CHj, CO. H . propene. isobutene, dimethyl ketene. acrolein, diallyl ether, allyl methacrylate monomer and dimer, chain fragments including anhydnde structures from side-group cydization. and an aliphatic ketone in the vidnity of unsaturation CO , SO , phenol, bisphenol S, hydroquinone. fragments of backbone, benzene sulfonic acid... 

The main decomposition product of poly(bisphenot A carbonate) during flash pyrolysis, which is detected using the separation on a Carbowax column, is phenol. Bisphenol A (which has the base peak at 213 a.u. and the molecular ion at 228 a.u.) is not detected in the pyrogram, although other studies indicate its presence in the pyrolysate as a major component. Very likely, bisphenol A does not elute in the experimental conditions used for the pyrolysate separation. A broad peak in the pyrogram tentatively identified as diethylene glycol dibenzoate may be the result of the presence of an additive. These Py-GC/MS results are in agreement with various studies on thermal decomposition of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) [16]. The formation of C02 in the thermal decomposition of these compounds can be explained by reactions of the type ... 

Naugawhite. [Uniroyal] Phenolic/ bisphenolic nondiscoloring antioxidant for thermoplastics, hot-melt adhesives, molded and mechanical goods. 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) A13-04009 Biphenol A Bis(4hydroxyphenyl) dimethyl-methane Bis(4-hydroxyphenyljpropane Bisferol A Bis-phenol Bisphenol A BRN 1107700 CCRIS 95 DIAN Diano Dimethyl bis p-hydroxyphenyl)methane Di-methylmethylene-p,p -diphenol ... 

In vivo studies (mostly animal) and in vitro studies are widely available for assessing many of the hazards of phenol, bisphenol A, and resorcinol. The levels of concern for these breakdown products of BPADP and RDP are included in Table 5 and referenced in Appendix 5. Data were insufficient, however, for evaluating the hazards of diphenyl phosphate, which was identified as breakdown product from triphenyl phosphate. 

Ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ediylhexyl alcohol, isooctene Phenol, isopropenyl phenol, bisphenol A Indene, vinyl toluene... 

Four reactive systems were studied at varying ratios of the two reactive components. These reactive systems were phenol, bisphenol A, trisphenol, and a mixture of bisphenol A and o-cresol (results from the latter three systems are not shown). An example of the effects of increasing (r) on the reaction time needed to reach the gel point is shown in Figure 4a for phenol. Clearly, the time required to reach the gel point decreases as the ratio of die reactants increases, as predicted by equation 2. The gel time for the other phenolic systems also decreases as the ratio of reactants increases. These model systems show that changing the ratio of reactive sites has the same impact regardless of the functionality of the phenolic system. This is very important as one tries to apply the results from model compound studies to real phenol formaldehyde adhesives that may include complex mixtures of phenolics. 

In some European countries, the compound was named Dian, after its Russian discoverer. As a cost-effective bifunctional phenol, bisphenol A is particularly suited for the production of resins, as a result of its high reactivity and bifunctionality. Bisphenol A is complemented by other bisphenols such as bisphenol F and bisphenol S in the production of resins. 

Phenolics. The most widely used antioxidants in plastics are pheno-lics. The products generally resist staining or discoloration. However, they may form quinoid (colored) structures upon oxidation. Phenolic antioxidants include simple phenolics, bisphenolics, polyphenolics, and thiobisphenoUcs. 

The reaction of phenols, bisphenols, or phenolic end-groups with methylene halides is clearly a very versatile method for the preparation of a wide variety of new polymer systems. The challenge remains for a system to be identified which has the right combination of properties and economics to be of commercial interest. 

Epoxy resins are a versatile group of materials widely used in composite applications. Epoxy is the general classification for resins containing two carbon and one oxygen atom bonded in a ring. Such resins may be derived from many different starting materials such as phenol, bisphenol and multi-functional phenolic. 

Cyanate esters may be modified by co-reaction with monomers or oligomers that contain active hydrogens (e.g., water, phenols, bisphenols, diamines, diepoxides, ethers, esters, etc) [2-6], The PCN modified with reactive monomers usually have a homogeneous single phase, with properties proportional to the ratio of the two components. 

The combined introduction of an inhibitor, which terminates chains, and a substance, which decomposes hydroperoxides, is widely used for the more efficient retardation of oxidation processes in polyolefins, resins, lubricants, and other materials. Various phenols, bisphenols, and aromatic amines are applied as an acceptor of RO 2, and aryl phosphites, esters of thiopropionic acid, dialkyl dithiopropionates and thiophosphates of zinc and nickel, and other similar compounds are introduced to... 

Phenol with smaUer amounts of p-cresol, p-ethyl phenol, p-isopropyl- 201 phenyl phenol, bisphenol A, diphenyl ether, p-tolyl phenyl ether, p-ethyl diphenyl ether, p-isopropenyl diphenyl ether, isomers of lolyl (ethyl-phenyl)ether... 

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