Phenols and Derivatives

Reductive hydrolysis of anilines, which may occur as an unwanted side reaction when anilines are reduced in aqueous media, can be turned to synthetic advantage. Reductive cleavage is facilitated by substitution on the nitrogen and by acidic media. Palladium is the preferred catalyst (33), Reductive hydrolysis of substituted anilines carrying chiral N-substituents gives chiral cyclohexanones (34), 

An excellent route to cyclohexylamines is by hydrogenation of the corresponding aniline over rhodium or ruthenium (17,18,19 2 36,63,64). Rhodium has proved especially useful in saturation of alkoxyanilines with minimal hydrogenolysis of the alkoxy function (45), The extent of hydrogenol ysis occurring in saturation of alkoxyanilines depends also on the solvent. Hydrogenolysis of p-methoxyaniline over Ru(OH)2 fell with alcohol solvent in the order methanol (35%) ethanol (30%) propanol (26%) butanol (22%) isopropanol (16%) r-butanol (8%) (43). 

Reduction of anilines containing acid, ester, or carbonyl functions provides a convenient entry to bi- and tricyclic systems, cyclization occurring once the rigidity of the aromatic ring has been lost through saturation (1,2,61,77). 

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Thermal properties of several chlorinated phenols and derivatives were studied by differential thermal analysis and mass spectrometry and in bulk reactions. Conditions which might facilitate the formation of stable dioxins were emphasized. No two chlorinated phenols behaved alike. For a given compound the decomposition temperature and rate as well as the product distribution varied considerably with reaction conditions. The phenols themselves seem to pyro-lyze under equilibrium conditions slowly above 250°C. For their alkali salts the onset of decomposition is sharp and around 350°C. The reaction itself is exothermic. Preliminary results indicate that heavy ions such as cupric ion may decrease the decomposition temperature. 

Srivastava [434,435], The process can be carried out under aerobic (KSARC56) or anaerobic conditions (Mic-1). The identified products include methane, lower alcohols, volatile fatty acids, and/or humic acid. For aromatic feeds the main products are phenols (and derivatives), methane and carbon dioxide. The process is carried out in a slurry phase, at pH of 7.8, under moderate stirring using a bacteria concentration less than 20%. The feed concentration could not exceed more than 50%, as stated in the patent document. In the aerobic operation, the thermophilic consortium KSARC56 is operated for 48 hours at a temperature of up to about 60°C. For the anaerobic operation a mixture of N2 C02 of about 80 20 was used. 

EXPLOSIVE D, AMMONIUM riLKAI E OR > DUNNITE. See 2,4,6-TRINlTROPHENOL, AMMONIUM SALT under PHENOL AND DERIVATIVES... 

It is Ammonium Picrate or Ammonium Salt of 2,4,6-TrinitrophenoI and is scheduled to be described under Phenol and Derivatives... 

Ammonium Picrate Mixtures. See under Phenol and Derivatives... 

Azidoacetamidophenol. See under Acetamido-phenol and Derivatives, p A20 21 Azidoacetamidophenol, Dinitro. See under Acetamidophenol and Derivatives, p A21... 

Most HPLC applications used for phenolic analysis simply allow the room temperature to determine the operating temperature of the column, but elevated temperatures of between 30°C and 40°C are often applied for phenolics and derivatives in apples (14), carrots (15), apple juice (6,13), bilberry juice (16), and for cis-trans isomers of caffeic and p-coumaric acids in wines (17). Generally, a change in temperature has only a minor effect on band spacing in reversed-phase HPLC and has essentially no effect in normal-phase separations. Thermostatic control of the column temperature is generally recommended to provide reproducible retention. 

Ammonium Picrate Explosive D or Dun-nite. See 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, Ammonium Salt and Phenol and Derivatives... 

The wood-rotting fungi of genus Bjerkandera produce a number of chlorinated phenols and derivatives (398,1677). 

Phenols and derivatives are the main aromatic compounds of plants, whose structural formulas contain at least one benzene ring. They serve as odors, fungicidals, or germination inhibitors. Coumarins are especially common in grasses, orchids, citrus fruits, and legumes. Plants containing phenols with anticancer properties include the following ... 

Langer, H.G., T.P. Brady and P.R. Briggs, "Formation of Dibenzodioxins and Other Condensation Products from Chlorinated Phenols and Derivatives", pp. 3 7 incl. 

Loupy, A. Sansoulet, J. Diez-Barra, E. Carrillo, J. R. Phase transfer catalysis without solvent. Alkylation of phenol and derivatives. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1465—1471. 

Richard C, Grabner G (1999) Mechanism of phototransformation of phenol and derivatives in aqueous solution. In Boule P (ed) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 2, part 1 Environmental photochemistry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, p 217... 

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