Phenolic acids rosemary

Sage extracts, like those of rosemary, have strong antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo labiatic acid, carnosic acid, and the phenolic acids are reported to be the active compounds (see rosemary). Sage oil displayed chemopreventive activity against... 

The antioxidant activity of rosemary has been well documented over the past 50 years. The active constituents include phenolic acids, diterpenes, and flavonoids. Cuppett and HaU (1998), Ho et al. (2000) and Yanishlieva and Heinonen (2(X)1) have completed thorough reviews on rosemary antioxidants, and readers should consult these for additional information. Three prominent compounds - camosic acid, camosol, and rosmarinic acid (Figure 3) - have received the most attention. Camosic acid and camosol account for 1.7-5.5%... 

Cuvelier et al. (1996) assessed the antioxidant activity of 24 pilot-plant and commercial rosemary extracts and identified 22 different compounds for investigation. These included diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. There was no apparent correlation between antioxidant activity and extract composition but the most effective extracts contained camosol, rosmarinic acid, and camosic acid and, to a lesser extent, caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, cirsimaritin, and genkwanin. Camosol was a component of all 24 extracts while rosmarinic and camosic acids were found in 83% and 71% of the extracts, respectively (Cuvelier et al, 1996). Richheimer et al. (1996) also evaluated the antioxidant components in a variety of plant and commercial rosemary products. In the commercial products, camosol and camosic acid were the predominant forms with low levels of methyl camosate. No clear relationship between the type of commercial rosemary extract and antioxidant composition was established. These investigators found that 7-methoxy-rosmanol was present in the commercial extracts but not in extracts obtained... 

The molecular compositions of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts and their dependence on extraction solvents, seasons, and drying processes were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The rosemary metabonome was dominated by 33 metabolites including sugars, amino acids, organic acids, poly-phenolic acids, and diterpenes. ... 

As camosic acid is the major phenolic diterpene in rosemary, its concentration in plant material is of interest for further processing applications. Observing the formation of phenolic antioxidants in plant material during the season and evaluating the influence of climatic conditions should indicate growing conditions resulting in high phenolic diterpene concentration. 

FIGURE 6.4 HPLC chromatogram of phenolic diterpenes in commercial rosemary extracts (ISO isorosmanol ROS rosmanol CAR camosic acid CA camosol DMIR dimethyl -isorosmanol and MCA 12-O-methylcamosic acid). 

Main components 1-3% essential oil, rosemary acid (primarily responsible for the antioxidating effect of sweet marjoram), ursolic and oleanolic acid, phenols like arbutin [152], flavonoids [153, 154]. 

Labiatae Basil, marjoram, mint, thyme, rosemary, dill, oregano, sage Mono-, diterpenes, flavonoids, rosmarol, ursolic acid, phenolic derivatives... 

The use of extracts from rosemary as food preservatives is well established [25] the phenolic compounds obtained from this source have been shown to act as antioxidants in vitro and reduce the oxidation of dietary lipids in a dose-dependant manner [26]. The constituents of rosemary considered responsible for the majority of this antioxidant activity are rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid [14]. 

Several phenolic diterpenoids with antioxidant activities were isolated from rosemary leaves. These include camosol, camosic acid, rosmanol, isorosmanol, and epirosmanol. Camosol showed potent antioxidative activity as revealed by scavenging a,a-diphenyl-(3-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and protection of oxidative DNA damage. In chronic inflammation, cytokines induce the production of nitric oxide, which is converted to DNA-damaging and carcinogenic peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is a cytotoxicant with... 

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) contains flavonoids, phenols, volatile oil and terpenoids. Topical application of rosemary extract, carnosol or ursolic acid to mouse skin inhibited the covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene to epidermal DNA (Huang et al. 1994), tumour initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz [ajanthracene (Singletary and Nelshoppen 1991), 12-0-tetradecano)dphorbol-13-acetate-induc-ed tumour promotion, ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity and inflammation. Carnosol showed potent antioxidative activity in a,a-diphe-nyl-P-picrylhydrazyl free radicals scavenge and DNA protection from Fenton reaction (Lo et al. 2002). 

Oxygenation in the position of cinnamic acid followed by methylation of the phenol and reduc tion of the acid to alcohol with subsequent elimination of the alcohol gives estragole (also known as methyl chavicol (52) and anethole (53)). Estragole is found in a variety of oils, mostly herb oils such as basil, tarragon, chervil, fennel, clary sage, anise, and rosemary. Anethole occurs in both the (E)- and (Z)-forms, the more thermodynamically stable (B)-isomer (shown in Figure 6.10) is... 

In addition to primary-contaminated or microbiologically susceptible natural raw materials, many multiactive agents classes are based on an alcoholic or phenolic structure. These extracts, such as melissa extract, rosemary acids, phenylethylalcohol II, 1.6.] etc., often show strong microbial efficacy and can be used to support product preservation in cosmetics (Eggensperger, 2001). 

Rosemary is composed of various phenolics such as rosmarinic acid, the flavonoid hesperidin, and the terpenoids camosic acid, camasol, and rosmanol (Al-Sereiti et al. 1999). Rosemary is well known for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity (Naghibi et al. 2005). Multiple extracts and bioactive constituents of rosemary were evaluated for in vitro effect on human cancer cells (Yesil-Celiktas etal. 2010). These included human small cell lung, prostate, liver, breast, and myeloid leukemia, all rosemary extracts and finctionated compounds were toxic to the cell lines at low doses but camosic acid was most effective (Yesil-Celiktas et al. 2010). Bakirel etal. reported in 2007 that ethanol extracts of rosemary reduced blood glucose, and increased insulin levels of rabbits with induced diabetes. They also noted increased levels of the antioxidants SOD and CAT in these animals. 

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