Phenanthrene sediments

Bacteria isolated from marine macrofaunal burrow sediments and assigned to Lutibac-terium anuloederans were able to degrade phenanthrene in a heavily contaminated sediment (Chung and King 2001). 

Experiments using marine sediment slurries have examined the effect of pre-exposure to various aromatic hydrocarbons on the rate of subsequent degradation of the same, or other hydrocarbons. The results clearly illustrated the complexity of the selection process for example, whereas pre-exposure to benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene... 

A cytochrome P450 has been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity (King et al. 1984), and metabolizes benzo[fl]pyrene to 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[fl]pyrene and benzo[fl]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (Wiseman and Woods 1979). The transformation of PAHs by Candida Upolytica produced predominantly monohydroxyl-ated products naphth-l-ol from naphthalene, 4-hydroxybiphenyl from biphenyl and 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[fl]pyrene from benzo[fl]pyrene (Cerniglia and Crow 1981). The transformation of phenanthrene was demonstrated in a number of yeasts isolated from littoral sediments and of these, Trichosporumpenicillatum was the most active. In contrast, biotransformation of benz[fl]anthracene by Candida krusei and Rhodotorula minuta was much slower (MacGillivray and Shiaris 1993). 

Sandoli RL, WC Ghiorse, EL Madsen (1996) Regulation of microbial phenanthrene mineralization in sediment samples by sorbent-sorbate contact time, inocula and gamma irradiation-induced sterilization artifacts. Environ Toxicol Chem 15 1901-1907. 

Sediment reduction t,/2(est.) = 1196 h, t,/2(exptl) = 825 h for chemical available phenanthrene and tA = 151 h for bioavailable phenanthrene for amphipod, P. hoyi in Lake Michigan sediments at 4°C. The average uptake clearance from sediment was (0.041 + 0.023)g of dry sediment-g-1 of organism-h-1, and the rate constants to become biologically unavailable was (0.0055 0.003) h-1 resulting a bioavailable t,/2 = 126 h (Landrum 1989) desorption t,/2 = 8.6 d from sediment under conditions mimicking marine disposal (Zhang et al. 2000). 

Hegeman, W.J.M., van der Weijden, C.H., Loch, J.P.G. (1995) Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene on suspended harbor sediment as a function of suspended sediment concentration and salinity A laboratory study using the cosolvent partition coefficient. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 363-371. 

Piatt, J.J., Backhus, D.A., Capel, P.D., Eisenreich, SJ. (1996) Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 751-760. 

Fig. 10 Composition and spatial distribution of the main patterns of contamination identified in sediment of the Ebro River basin from year 2004 to 2006. Different temporal distribution of the PAHs pattern of contamination over the territory and constant distribution in time of the APs and heavier PAHs as well as the OCs pattern. Big circles representing higher levels of pattern contribution than small circles. Variables identification 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphtylene 3, acenapthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene 9, benzo(a) anthracene 10, chrysene 11, benzo(b)fluoranthene 12, benzo(k)fluoranthene 13, benzo(a)pyr-ene 14, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 15, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 16, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 17, octyl-phenol 18, nonylphenol 19, tributylphosphate 20, a-HCH 21, HCB 22,2,4-DDE 23,4,4-DDE 24, 2,4-DDD 25, 4,4-DDD 26, 2,4-DDT 27, 4,4-DDT...

Fig. 11 Composition of the identified patterns of contamination (loadings) in sediment and soil of the Ebro River basin and patterns contribution to the analyzed samples (scores) in fall from year 2004 to 2006. Samples ordered for both compartments from first to third sampling campaigns and, for each campaign, from NW to SE. Variables identification 1, acenaphtylene 2, phenanthrene 3, anthracene 4, fluoranthene 5, pyrene 6, benzo(a)anthracene 7, chrysene 8, benzo(b)fluor-anthene 9, benzo(k)fluoranthene 10, benzo(a)pyrene 11, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 12, dibenzo (a.h)anthracene 13, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 14, tributylphosphate 15, 4,4-DDE...

Sediments and biota collected from the Hersey River, Michigan, in 1978, were heavily contaminated with phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene when compared to a control site. Elevated PAH concentrations were recorded in sediments, whole insect larvae, crayfish muscle, and flesh of lampreys (family Petromyzontidae), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and white suckers (Catostomus commersoni), in that general order (Black et al. 1981). The polluted collection locale was the former site of a creosote wood preservation facility between 1902 and 1949, and, at the time of the study, received Reed City wastewater treatment plant effluent, described as an oily material with a naphthalene-like odor (Black et al. 1981). In San Francisco Bay, elevated PAH concentrations in fish livers reflected elevated sediment PAH concentrations (Stehr et al. 1997). In Chesapeake Bay, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) collected from a PAH-contaminated tributary (up to 96 mg PAHs/kg DW sediment) had elevated cytochrome P-450 and EROD activity in liver and intestine microsomes (Van Veld et al. 1990). Intestinal P-450 activity was 80 to 100 times higher in fish from highly contaminated sites than in conspecifics from reference sites intestinal EROD activity had a similar trend. Liver P-450 and EROD activity was about 8 times higher in spot from the contaminated sites when compared to the reference sites. Liver P-450 activity correlated positively with sediment PAH, but intestinal P-450 activity seemed to reflect dietary exposure (Van Veld et al. 1990). The poor correlation between hepatic concentrations of PAHs and P-4501A is attributed to the rapid metabolism of these compounds (van der Weiden et al. 1994). 

Fig. 11.4J C of Ev/Py GS-MS analysis ofthe polluted sediment sample. The numbers in the mass chromatograms represent the m/z values indicative of the following compounds m/z 88 (dioxane) m/z 146,148 (dichlorobenzene) m/z 180,182 (trichlorobenzene) m/z 183 (alkanes from C14) m/z 60 (hexadecanoic acid) m/z 178, 192, 206, 220 (C0-C3 anthracenes and phenanthrenes)...

These conclusions were not applicable when sediment was the source of hydrocarbons. McCain et al. (5) studied the bioavailability of petroleum in sediment to English sole (Parophrys vetu-lus). Sediments rich in alkylated and non-alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes, together with fluorene and phenanthrene, were employed. After 11 days of exposure, samples of skin, muscle, and liver were examined. Fluorene and phenanthrene were not accumulated in the test fish however, significant concentrations of 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl naphthalene and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, were found in skin and liver (Table II) 1-methyl naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene were the major components of muscle. In each tissue examined, 1-methyl-naphthalene was the major component 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene occurred in relatively low concentrations in skin and muscle in comparison to naphthalenes containing one and two alkyl groups. 

These data imply that aromatic hydrocarbons incorporated into sediments are not preferentially accumulated in relation to increased alkyl substitution, as shown with dietary and seawater exposures. Moreover, the apparent lack of accumulation of the fluorene and phenanthrene suggests that unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons having more than two benzenoid rings may not be readily sequestered by fish exposed to petroleum-impregnated sediment. These differences are presumably related, at least in part, to physico-chemical interactions of aromatic hydrocarbons with sediment matrices that regulate their bioavailability. 

Fig. 8.47 Phenanthrene adsorption-desorption hysteresis observed for Lachine and Chelsa humic acid aggregate the hysteresis index is given by n. Reprinted from Huang W, Peng, P. Yu, Z. and Fu J (2003) Effects of organic matter heterogeneity on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants by soils and sediments. Appl Geochem 18 955-972. Copyright 2003 with permission of Elsevier...

Johnston AE, Goulding KWT, Poulton PR (1986) Soil acidification during more than 100 years under permanent grassland and woodland at Rothamsted. Soil Use Manage 2 3-10 Kahn SU (1982) Bound pesticides residues in soil and plant. Residue Rev 84 1-25 Kan AT, Chen W, Tomson MB (2000) Desorption kinetics from neutral hydrophobic organic compounds from field contaminated sediment. Environ Pollution 108 81-89 Kang SH, Xing BS (2005) Phenanthrene sorption to sequentially extracted soil humic acids and humans. Environ Sci Technol 39 134-140... 

Xiang HE, Banin A (1996) A solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils Pathways and kinetics. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60 1072-1080 Xiao B, Yu Z, Peng P, Song J, Huang W (2004) Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments. 2. Their role in phenanthrene and naphthalene sorption equilibria. Environ Sci Technol 38 5842-52... 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control. QA/QC measures included field blanks, solvent blanks, method blanks, matrix spikes, and surrogates. Percent recovery was determined using three surrogate compounds (nitrobenzene-d5, 2-fluorobiphenyl, d-terphenyl-diQ and matrix spikes (naphthalene, pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene) the recoveries ranged from 80 to 102%. Separate calibration models were built for each of the 16 PAHs using internal standards (naphthalene-dg, phenanthrene-dio, perylene-di2). Validation was performed using a contaminated river sediment (SRM 1944) obtained from NIST (Gaithersburg, MD) accuracy was <20% for each of the 16 analytes. 

Illustrative Example 9.2 Evaluating the Concentration Dependence of Sorption of Phenanthrene to Soil and Sediment POM Illustrative Example 9.3 Estimating Pore Water Concentrations in a Polluted Sediment... 

Neglecting the contribution of adsorption, especially for planar compounds and at low concentrations, may cause substantial underestimation of Kid. This is shown in Illustrative Example 9.2 for phenanthrene sorption to various soils and sediments (Huang et al., 1997). 

Evaluating the Concentration Dependence of Sorption of Phenanthrene to Soil and Sediment POM... 

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