Phase ternary mixtures

A special type of partition system employs a two-phase ternary mixture formed, for example, by mixing methylene chloride, ethanol and water or isooctane,... 

From Eqs. (5) and (6), both the total amount of dissolved gas mixture in polymer ( i+ 2) and the actual amount of each individud gas dissolved in polymer ( ,) can be theoretically determined. Since this study used a vapor (gas mixture) resovroir with a known and fixed composition (w,), we can solve these two coupled equations for the two unknowns i and 2- The X,i,(ory—i e., (ni+ 2)/[l- i+ 2)]—will be determined hereafter. In order to solve Eqs. (5) and (6), a thamodynamic model must be set up to calculate and the chemical potentials for gas component in the vapor phase (gas mixture) and polymer phase (ternary mixture), respectively. As usual, is determined with an EOS [25, 28, 31, 36], which is applied to the binary mixture system for the vapor phase. We have used classical thermodynamics [35] to derive the in the ternary mixture system the proposed methods of calculating fit are shown below ... 

Using UNIQUAC, Table 2 summarizes vapor-liquid equilibrium predictions for several representative ternary mixtures and one quaternary mixture. Agreement is good between calculated and experimental pressures (or temperatures) and vapor-phase compositions. ... 

Figure A2.5.30. Left-hand side Eight hypothetical phase diagrams (A through H) for ternary mixtures of d-and /-enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Note the syimnetry about a line corresponding to a racemic mixture. Right-hand side Four T, x diagrams ((a) tlirough (d)) for pseudobinary mixtures of a racemic mixture of enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Reproduced from [37] 1984 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena ed C Domb and J Lebowitz, vol 9, eh 2, Knobler C M and Scott R L Multicritical points in fluid mixtures. Experimental studies pp 213-14, (Copyright 1984) by pennission of the publisher Academic Press.

Most characteristics of amphiphilic systems are associated with the alteration of the interfacial stnicture by the amphiphile. Addition of amphiphiles might reduce the free-energy costs by a dramatic factor (up to 10 dyn cm in the oil/water/amphiphile mixture). Adding amphiphiles to a solution or a mixture often leads to the fomiation of a microenuilsion or spatially ordered phases. In many aspects these systems can be conceived as an assembly of internal interfaces. The interfaces might separate oil and water in a ternary mixture or they might be amphiphilic bilayers in... 

Solvent triangle for optimizing reverse-phase HPLC separations. Binary and ternary mixtures contain equal volumes of each of the aqueous mobile phases making up the vertices of the triangle. 

Ternary Blends. Discussion of polymer blends is typically limited to those containing only two different components. Of course, inclusion of additional components may be useful in formulating commercial products. The recent Hterature describes the theoretical treatment and experimental studies of the phase behavior of ternary blends (10,21). The most commonly studied ternary mixtures are those where two of the binary pairs are miscible, but the third pair is not. There are limited regions where such ternary mixtures exhibit one phase. A few cases have been examined where all three binary pairs are miscible however, theoretically this does not always ensure homogeneous ternary mixtures (10,21). 

Where there are multi-layers of solvent, the most polar is the solvent that interacts directly with the silica surface and, consequently, constitutes part of the first layer the second solvent covering the remainder of the surface. Depending on the concentration of the polar solvent, the next layer may be a second layer of the same polar solvent as in the case of ethyl acetate. If, however, the quantity of polar solvent is limited, then the second layer might consist of the less polar component of the solvent mixture. If the mobile phase consists of a ternary mixture of solvents, then the nature of the surface and the solute interactions with the surface can become very complex indeed. In general, the stronger the forces between the solute and the stationary phase itself, the more likely it is to interact by displacement even to the extent of displacing both layers of solvent (one of the alternative processes that is not depicted in Figure 11). Solutes that exhibit weaker forces with the stationary phase are more likely to interact with the surface by sorption. 

Schematic phase diagrams for binary mixtures of water with a strong amphiphile, and for ternary mixtures containing oil, water, and amphiphile, are shown in Fig. 3 (adapted from Refs. 7,8). Among the many interesting...

The other class of phenomenological approaches subsumes the random surface theories (Sec. B). These reduce the system to a set of internal surfaces, supposedly filled with amphiphiles, which can be described by an effective interface Hamiltonian. The internal surfaces represent either bilayers or monolayers—bilayers in binary amphiphile—water mixtures, and monolayers in ternary mixtures, where the monolayers are assumed to separate oil domains from water domains. Random surface theories have been formulated on lattices and in the continuum. In the latter case, they are an interesting application of the membrane theories which are studied in many areas of physics, from general statistical field theory to elementary particle physics [26]. Random surface theories for amphiphilic systems have been used to calculate shapes and distributions of vesicles, and phase transitions [27-31]. 

The mobile phases that are most effective for use with reverse phases are aqueous mixtures of methanol or acetonitrile and for subtle adjustments, ternary mixtures of water, methanol and acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran can be used. The greater the water content the more the solutes with dispersive groups will be retained and in fact, in pure water, many substances are irreversibly held on a reverse phase. As already discussed, this characteristic make reverse phases very useful for solute extraction and concentration from aqueous solutions prior to analysis. 

Three-component mixtures selected from Na, K, Rb and Cs have been investigated to determine the minimum melting point in each ternary mixture, characterizing low-melting portions of the Na-K-Cs phase diagram and measuring the physical... 

Petlyuk FB, Kievskii VY and Serafimov LA (1975) Thermodynamic and Topological Analysis of the Phase Diagrams of Polyazeotropic Mixtures II. Algorithm for Construction of Structural Graphs for Azeotropic Ternary Mixtures, Russ J Phys Chem, 49 1836. 

The Landau-Ginzburg model of a ternary mixture of oil, water, and surfactant studied here was proposed by Teubner and Strey [115] on the basis of the scattering peak in the microemulsion phase. Later it was refined by Gompper and Schick [116]. Its application to various bulk and surface phenomena is described in detail in Ref. 117. 

Orienting systems of quasi-ternary mixtures composed of cetylpyridinium chloride/hexa-nol/NaCl [26] and cetylpyridinium bromide/hexanol/NaBr [27] have been reported to form lamellar liquid crystalline phases that allow a large temperature range over which dipolar couplings can be measured. The optimum condition for protein alignment consists of a 1 1.33 (w/w) ratio of cetylpyridinium bromide/hexanol. The residual 2H quad-rupolar splitting of the HOD resonance increases from 5 Hz to 20 Hz as the concentration of the mixture is varied from 30 to 65 mg/mL. These quasi-ternary mixtures are positively charged. 

Water, ethyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride form a ternary mixture boiling at about 61 °. This vapor mixture, on condensation, separates into two phases the heavier liquid consists of carbon tetrachloride and alcohol with only small amounts of water the lighter liquid consists of approximately 65 per cent alcohol, 25 per cent water and 10 per cent carbon tetrachloride. By taking advantage of this fact, it is possible to conduct the esterification at a temperature so low that the ethyl hydrogen oxalate first formed does not decompose into ethyl formate and other products, as is the case when the customary methods of esterification are employed. 

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