Quaternary mixtures

Using UNIQUAC, Table 2 summarizes vapor-liquid equilibrium predictions for several representative ternary mixtures and one quaternary mixture. Agreement is good between calculated and experimental pressures (or temperatures) and vapor-phase compositions. ... 

Residue curve maps exist for mixtures having more than three components but cannot be visualized when there are more than four components. However, many mixtures of industrial importance contain only three or four key components and can thus be treated as pseudo-temary or quaternary mixtures. Quaternary residue curve maps are more compHcated than thek ternary counterparts but it is stiU possible to understand these maps using the boiling point temperatures of the pure components and azeotropes (31). 

Abstract Aspartame (Apt), Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) low-calorie, high-potency artificial sweeteners ate cnnently nsed in beverages and dietary food and drinks. Their increased application in food and drink prodncts has given a new impetus to develop fast and accurate methods for their determination. Absorption spectra of Asp, Caf, Ace-K and BA strongly overlap. Therefore a direct determination of these analytes in quaternary mixture is impossible without a separation step. In order to overcome this difficulty partial least squares (PLS) method has been proposed. 

As can be observed absorption spectra resolution of ternary and quaternary mixture, conventional methods is impossible. 

These standards (Apt, Ace-K and Sac) were used for analysis Sahlep sample we also constmcted another training set of 27 standard samples from different quaternary mixtures (Apt, Ace-K and Sac and Vit C). These standards were used for analysis of colored beverages (powdered and liquid). 

In summary, these trends in the change of conductivity with m, xec, and T can be consistently interpreted in terms of the change of e and r] with these same variables. Since these factors and their effect on ion conductivity are not unique to the system illustrated, LiPFe/EC/DMC, these trends should provide general guidance as to how ion conductivities of other electrolyte systems with similar compositions would change with these same variables, and they should constitute a useful database for the understanding of more complex systems, such as ternary or quaternary mixtures. 

Dahloff, G., Pfennig, A., Hammer, H., and van Oorschot, M. Vapor-liquid equilibria in quaternary mixtures of dimethyl ether + u-butane + ethanol + water, 7 Chem. Eng. Data, 45(5) 887-892, 2000. 

Composite Explosives. See Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures in Vol 2, pp B116 to B120... 

Following Table lists various. eutectic mixtures of explosives. See also BINARY, TERNARY AND QUATERNARY MIXTURES in Vol 2 of Encycl, pp B116 to Bl20... 

We were able to test the analog synergism in another setting where the analogs could be produced in sufficient quantity by synthesis. The wild pepper, Piper tuberculatum, was the most active of 16 pepper plants from Costa Rica assessed in our study (Bernard et al., 1995). Four insecticidal piperamides from P tuberculatum were produced by synthesis (Scott et al., 2002) and the lethal concentrations of the compounds were assessed alone and in binary, tertiary and quaternary mixtures. Although binary mixtures were no more toxic than individual compounds, toxicity increased with three and four compounds in the mixture, while keeping the total... 

Fig. 1.6. Insecticidal synergism of binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of piperamides from Piper tuberculatum tested against Aedes atropalpus mosquito larvae.

Composite expls see Binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures 2 B116-B120... 

S. Mathur, K. Tondon, and S.C. Saxena. Thermal Conductivity of Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures of Rare Gases. Mol. Phys., 12 569,1967. 

B NARY,TERNARY AND QUATERNARY MIXTURES. These mixts may consist of two, three... 

Thus the second-order polynomial for the reactivity of the quaternary mixture has the form ... 

For the quaternary mixture, the design of McLean and Anderson, together with the experimental results, is provided in Table 3.33. 

Table 3.33 McLean-Anderson design for quaternary mixture...

The commercially available hemihydrate Form II can be converted into Form I by recrystallization from a quaternary mixture containing distilled water, ethanol, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide [9], ball milling, or by heating to 160°C for 30 minutes in the presence of steam. 

The largest reviews of mixture toxicity data conducted to date (Ross 1996 Ross and Warne 1997) examined the toxicity of approximately 1000 predominantly binary, tertiary, and quaternary mixtures. This analysis revealed that between 75% and 80% of the mixtures acted according to the concentration-addition model, 10% to 15% showed less response than expected under this model, and 10% to 15% showed a higher response than expected. Five percent of the mixtures had toxicity values that differed from concentration additivity by a factor greater than 2.5, and 1% of the mixtures had toxicity values that differed by more than a factor of 5. 

Haddad S, Tardif R, Charest-Tardif G, Krishnan K. 1999. Physiological modeling of the toxicokinetic interactions in a quaternary mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 161 249-257. 

Figure 1.4. Alternative Separation Sequences for Quaternary Mixture Using Continuous Distillation Columns...

Furlonge et al. (1999) considered the separation of 100 mol of an equimolar quaternary mixture of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol in a column with two intermediate vessels. The results of two operating policies are presented here (refer to the original work for further examples). 

The parameter space in the original Sentinel method is restricted to a series of iso-eluotropic solvents, which means that only a very small fraction of all possible quaternary mixtures is considered. This is illustrated in figure 5.27a. 

Issaq and McNitt [585] published a computer program for peak recognition on the basis of peak areas. They investigated the reproducibility of the area of some well-separated peaks for three solutes (anthraquinone, methyl anthraquinone and ethyl anthraquinone) in the 10 solvents used for their optimization procedure. The solvents included binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures of water with methanol, acetonitrile and THF. The areas were found to be reproducible within about 2 percent. The wavelength used for the UV detector in this study was not reported. 

There are six possible types of splits for a quaternary mixture. The ternary mixtures resulting from these splits may be separated in one of the three possible ternary splits, as described above. Table 13-16 summarizes the resulting number of possible basic column configurations. This number does not account for the various possible types of interconnecting streams. 

FIG. 13-72 One configuration of a fully thermally coupled system for separation of a quaternary mixture. 

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