Pharmaceuticals animal drugs

Minimal rather than complete protocols tend to be more common in the acute testing of pharmaceutical agents. Drugs will almost always be subjected to at least one subchronic study. Body weight and feed consumption determinations are a standard feature of such studies. Additionally, changes in body weight and feed consumption are more likely in a subchronic than an acute study because the animals are dosed continuously between body weight determinations. 

In addition to biological and chemical drugs, two other categories of pharmaceutical products deserve brief mention animal drugs and human medical devices. Both are beyond the scope of the present chapter. 

The 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) now requires that an additional safety factor of 10 be used in the risk assessment of pesticides to ensure the safety of infants and children, unless the EPA can show that an adequate margin of safety is assured with out it (Scheuplein, 2000). The rational behind this additional safety factor is that infants and children have different dietary consumption patterns than adults and infants, and children are more susceptible to toxicants than adults. We do know from pharmacokinetics studies with various human pharmaceuticals that drug elimination is slower in infants up to 6 months of age than in adults, and therefore the potential exists for greater tissue concentrations and vulnerability for neonatal and postnatal effects. Based on these observations, the US EPA supports a default safety factor greater or less than 10, which may be used on the basis of reliable data. However, there are few scientific data from humans or animals that permit comparisons of sensitivities of children and adults, but there are some examples, such as lead, where children are the more sensitive population. It some cases qualitative differences in age-related susceptibility are small beyond 6 months of age, and quantitative differences in toxicity between children and adults can sometimes be less than a factor of 2 or 3. 

Analytical information and data were presented on the TLC analysis of the most widely prescribed human and animal drugs as well as illicit drugs. In addition, applications of quantitative TLC in pharmaceutical analysis were described. " Biennial reviews of TLC typically contain more than 75 references that describe applications to drug and pharmaceutical analysis. ... 

In May 1996, when Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz presented their plans for a merger, they announced that the new company, to be called Novartis, would spin off its remaining specialty chemical businesses. In the late 1990s Novartis maintained five principal lines of business pharmaceuticals, generic drugs, consumer health (primarily OTC products), animal health, and CIBA Vision. Prescription pharmaceuticals accounted for 60 percent of sales. The company was quite profitable, with net income exceeding 20 percent of sales. 

Uses Dietary supplement, nutrient, flavoring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals animal feed additive vegetable oil enrichment singlecell protein infusion sol ns. peptide drug intermediate Features Lipotropic... 

Ng (1991) has provided a review on TLC and HPTLC analysis of the more popular pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs covering the literature from about 1975 to 1988. This reference includes information on sample preparation, layers, mobile phases, detection reagents, and structures of popular human and animal drugs. Numerous examples are provided for qualitative and quantitative TLC analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in various dosage forms. The review of Ng (1991) was extended and updated by Szepesi and Nyiredy (1996) to include references through 1995. 

A CCA based on the concepts described here and incorporating these advanced engineered tissues could become a powerful tool for precHnical testing of pharmaceuticals. While drug leads are expanding rapidly in number, the capacity to increase animal and human clinical studies is limited. It is imperative that preclinical testing and predictions for human response become more accurate. A CCA should become an important tool in preclinical testing. 

Historically, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity ADMET) studies in animal models were performed after the identification of a lead compound. In order to avoid costs, nowadays pharmaceutical companies evaluate the ADMET profiles of potential leads at an earlier stage of the development... 

The pharmaceutical industry has employed materials of plant and animal origin as sources of drugs. The industry has utilized the life processes of either plants or animals and microorganisms to produce medicinal and antibiotic products. 

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