Human insulin gene

Preliminary evidence of an altered DNA structure within the ILPR element was first discovered by Hammond-Kosack et al. through the use of supercoiled 

ILPR region, supposedly beeause of the formation of an unusual DNA 1 

Initial studies to examine the ILPR element as a transcriptional regulatory region in the human insulin gene indicated that it affected only minimally the total transcriptional activity of the 5 -flanking region and that other sequences 

Latchman, Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, fourth edition, Elsevier Academic Press, London, 2004, pp 1-22. 

Gene VII, Oxford University Press and Cell Press, New York, 2000, pp 233-271. 

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Insulin is one of the important pharmaceutical products produced commercially by genetically engineered bactera. Before this development, commercial insulin was isolated from animal pancreatic tissue. Microbial insulin has been available since 1982. The human insulin gene is introduced into a bacterium like E. coli. Two of the major advantages of insulin production by microorganisms are that the resultant insulin is chemically identical to human insulin, and it can be produced in unlimited quantities. 

Kaneda, Y., Iwai, K. and Uchida, T. (1989) Introduction and expression of the human insulin gene in adult rat hver J. Biol. Chem., 264,12126-12129. 

Redmon, J.B., Towle, H.C. and Robertson, R.P. (1994) Regulation of human insulin gene transcription by glucose, epinephrine, and somatostatin. Diabetes, 43, 546-551. 

Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism s DNA. In 1976, with venture capitalist Robert Swanson, Herbert Boyer founded a company called Genentech to use recombinant DNA technology to produce medicines. In 1978, the company successfully inserted the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria and then grew them to produce commercial amounts of insulin. 

Bell, G. L, Selby, M. J., Rutter, W. J. (1982). The highly polymorphic region near the human insulin gene is composed of simple tandemly repeating sequences. Nature 295, 31-35. 

Hammond-Kosack, M. C., Dobrinski, B., Lurz, R., Docherty, K., Kilpatrick, M. W. (1992). The human insulin gene linked polymorphic region exhibits an altered DNA structure. Nucleic Acids Res 20, 231-236. 

Preparation of Insulin-Releasing Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Transfection of Human Insulin Gene... 

The application of chitosan as a vector in gaie therspy for type 1 diabetes mellitus was studied for chitosan nanoparticles (Niu et al. 2008). This study revealed that the human insulin gene can be transfected successfully by chitosan nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. This study supported the application of chitosan in the gene therapy of diabetes in living organisms as a safe vector without causing any pain. 

Niu, L., Xui, Y, Xie, H., Dai, Z., and Tang, H. 2008. Expression of human insulin gene wrapped with chitosan nanoparticles in NIH3T3 cells and diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 29 1342-1349. 

The bacterial plasmid with the spliced human genes is now called a vector. The plasmid vectors are taken up by the bacterial cells. Once inside the bacterial cells, the bacteria multiply and reproduce the spliced human genes. Whatever specific human genes were selected for splicing, for example, human insulin genes, are now functioning in the reproduced bacteria, and human insulin is harvested from the bacterial clones. 

First recomhinant DNA organism (Stanley Norman Cohen, Paul Berg, and Herbert Boyer) The methods to combine and transplant genes are discovered when this team successfully clones and expresses the human insulin gene in the Escherichia coli. 

The regulation of local RAS activity in the pancreas has also been postulated as a mechanism for which vitamin D deficiency may impair insulin secretion and sensitivity (Cheng et al. 2011). However, calcitriol may also have a direct influence on pancreatic p cells (Wolden-Kirk et al. 2011) as the pancreas expresses both VDR (Pike et al. 1980) and la-hydroxylase (Bland et al. 2004). Vitamin D response elements exist in the human insulin gene promoter (Maestro et al. 2003), and transcriptional activation of the human insulin gene was observed after treatment with calcitriol, further supporting a possible role for calcitriol in regulating the insulin response (Maestro et al. 2002). 

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