Pharmaceutical/biomedical measurements

The concept of differentiating spectral data was first introduced in the 1950s, but it received little attention primarily because of experimental difficulties in generating derivative spectra with early ultraviolet (UV)/ visible (Vis) spectrophotometers. Use of mathematical or optical methods to generate derivative spectra became feasible with the advent of microprocessors and microcomputers in the late 1970s. Nowadays, most instruments offer at least the first and second numerical derivatives as a standard feature. The combination of derivative spectroscopy and chemometrics for calibration and data evaluation has further increased the popularity of this technique. Derivative techniques are applied especially in UV spectroscopy for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental measurement tasks and in food research. 

The realization of sensitive bioanalytical methods for measuring dmg and metaboUte concentrations in plasma and other biological fluids (see Automatic INSTRUMENTATION BlosENSORs) and the development of biocompatible polymers that can be tailor made with a wide range of predictable physical properties (see Prosthetic and biomedical devices) have revolutionized the development of pharmaceuticals (qv). Such bioanalytical techniques permit the characterization of pharmacokinetics, ie, the fate of a dmg in the plasma and body as a function of time. The pharmacokinetics of a dmg encompass absorption from the physiological site, distribution to the various compartments of the body, metaboHsm (if any), and excretion from the body (ADME). Clearance is the rate of removal of a dmg from the body and is the sum of all rates of clearance including metaboHsm, elimination, and excretion. 

Esteve28 analyses the correspondence between biomedical research and the pharmaceutical industry, contextual changes that affect this relationship, the present situation of pharmaceutical research in Spain, and measures that the government could take to promote it. 

Taylor, S. and Harker, A. (2006) Modification of the ultrafiltration technique to overcome solubility and nonspecificbinding challenges associated with the measurement of plasma protein binding of corticosteroids. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 299-303. 

Source Institute for Biomedical and pharmaceutical Research, Fist ever comparative multi-country study of cocaine use by a new measurement technique, NQrnberg, November 2006. 

For any vibrational mode, the relative intensities of Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering depend only on the temperature. Measurement of this ratio can be used for temperature measurement, although this application is not commonly encountered in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications. Raman scattering based on rotational transitions in the gas phase and low energy (near-infrared) electronic transitions in condensed phases can also be observed. These forms of Raman scattering are sometimes used by physical chemists. However, as a practical matter, to most scientists, Raman spectroscopy means and will continue to mean vibrational Raman spectroscopy. 

The short working distance, high NA sampling configuration is ideal for measuring liquids or powders, where the presentation of the sample to the probe is fixed and consistent. However, it fails for solid samples that cannot be brought close to the probe, have uneven surfaces, or whose position cannot be controlled accurately. It should be noted that many of the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications in this book would fall into this category. 

In the literature, there are important differences between the K ) values obtained for phenothiazine dyes, probably because of the ambiguity in the UV-visible spectroscopic data generally used for the JCb measurements and the possible adsorption of the phenothiazines on glassware [41,45-49]. The existence of this dimerization phenomenon generally might complicate the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications involving the phenothiazine dyes. 

K. D., Mandagere, A. and Poole, S.K. (2004) Automated robotic liquid handling/laser-based nephelometry system for high throughput measurement of kinetic aqueous solubility. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 36, 447-456. 

For studies by Raman spectroscopy of biomolecules, which are often not available in large amounts, SERS and RRS can be used. Raman spectra of molecules with a solubility even lower than 5X10 g per 100 g H2O can be obtained by means of SERS. In the case of biopolymers with chromophoric groups, Raman bands are both resonance and surface enhanced and high-resolution Raman spectra from very dilute solutions down to 10 mol 1 can be measured. Summaries of biochemical and biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy are given in [35] and [36]. A review of pharmaceutical applications of Raman spectroscopy is given in [37]. 

As mentioned in Section 19.1, THz-TDS has been applied not only to basic research in molecular science, solid-state physics, materials science, and biomedical science but is also used for the inspection of hazardous materials, noncontact testing of pharmaceuticals, and on-site monitoring of food and industrial products. The following are a few typical examples of application of THz-TDS measurements. 

The world is continually confronted by evaluation, and measurement is always the best way of obtaining privileged access to the information essential to scientific progress. Biosensors play an important role in medicine and the development of industrial activities, particularly in automation, regulation, quality control, and energy conservation. In associating a biological component with known transducers, the applications of biosensors can be considerably extended, for example, to biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, and to the food industry, the environment and defense. 

Abelian, R., Ventura, R., Palmi, I., et al. (2008) Immunoassays for the measurement of IGF-II, IGFBP-2 and -3, and ICTP as indirect biomarkers of recombinant human growth hormone misuse in sport values in selected population of athletes./owma/ of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, DOI 10.1016/j.pba.2008.1005.1037. 

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